Priming of popout: III. A short-term implicit memory system beneficial for rapid target selection

Maljkovic, Vera; Nakayama, Ken

doi:10.1080/135062800407202

Cited by 210 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Studies of contextual cuing generally find that there is limited awareness of repeated display configurations (Schmitter-Edgecombe & Nissley, 2002), although awareness of repeated display configurations can reduce the magnitude of the contextual cuing effect (Howard et al, 2004). Previous investigations of singleton discrimination, however, using procedures similar to ours, have found that explicit memory for the color of a singleton does not last more than a single trial, whereas repetition priming effects last approximately 5-8 trials (Maljkovic & Nakayama, 2000). In addition, the magnitude of repetition priming in singleton discrimination does not appear to be influenced by awareness of the repetition pattern (Maljkovic & Nakayama, 1994).…”

Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Adult Age Differences in the Implicit and Explicit Components of Top-Down Attentional Guidance During Visual Search.

Madden¹,

Whiting²,

Spaniol³

et al. 2005

Psychology and Aging

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Two experiments investigated adult age differences in the explicit (knowledge-based) and implicit (repetition priming) components of top-down attentional guidance during discrimination of a target singleton. Experiment 1 demonstrated an additional contribution of explicit top-down attention, relative to the implicit effect of repetition priming, which was similar in magnitude for younger and older adults. Experiment 2 examined repetition priming of target activation and distractor inhibition independently. The additional contribution of explicit top-down attention, relative to the repetition priming of distractor inhibition, was greater for older adults than for younger adults. The results suggest that some forms of top-down attentional control are preserved as a function of adult age and may operate in a compensatory manner. Keywordsaging; selective attention; reaction time; perception; cognition Identifying a target item in a visual display involves guiding attention to that item and determining that it possesses the features sufficient for a detection response. Attentional guidance can be either top-down, in the sense of depending primarily on the observer's goals and knowledge of the task structure, or bottom-up, in the sense of being relatively more determined by the local properties of the visual display (Wolfe, 1998;Yantis, 1998). Top-down attention is essential in complex search tasks, as when, for example, the target is a conjunction of different features occurring in the distractors (e.g., finding a T among Ls and Fs). In this case, one must know what one is looking for. In contrast, when the target differs from the distractors in a unique feature (e.g., a T among Os), the target pops out of the display visually in a bottom-up (stimulus-driven) manner.Most forms of visual search represent the combined influence of top-down and bottom-up attentional processing, and even in relatively simple tasks there can be a contribution of topdown attention. Bravo and Nakayama (1992) demonstrated a top-down effect during detection and discrimination of a color singleton. The target, for example, could be a red diamond among green diamond distractors, with the task being the determination of whether the left or right side of the target was cut off. These authors found that the unique color of the singleton provided

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Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 54%

Adult Age Differences in the Implicit and Explicit Components of Top-Down Attentional Guidance During Visual Search.

Madden¹,

Whiting²,

Spaniol³

et al. 2005

Psychology and Aging

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show abstract

“…It is highly unlikely that participants consciously remembered up to eight previous trials and adjusted their attentional set accordingly in a top-down fashion. Indeed, Maljkovic and Nakayama (2000) showed that participants have no explicit memory for any but the immediately preceding trial (see also Mü ller, Krummenacher, & Heller, 2002, for similar conclusions). Moreover, in our experiment almost all participants reported that they had attempted to ignore the color and orientation information.…”

Section: Automatic or Top-down Controlled?mentioning

confidence: 92%

Attentional guidance by salient feature singletons depends on intertrial contingencies.

Olivers¹,

Humphreys²

2003

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Evidence that salient feature singletons guide attention only when the target and the singleton frequently coincide has been taken to suggest that selection of singletons is under top-down control: Observers strategically use an attentional set sensitive to the singleton being a target. Changing the singleton-target (or singleton-distractor) coincidence also changes the opportunity for facilitative and disruptive intertrial effects to occur. The authors show that benefits and costs associated with certain singletons depend at least partly on the preceding trial type. Results are in line with dimensional weighting and perceptual priming accounts, which propose a (semi-) automatic transfer of dimensional activity from one trial to the next. Results also indicate that priming is set independently for each dimension.

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“…The repetition priming effects just described have been shown to be brief in duration, with the features of the tar-get affecting RTs significantly only for lags of a few trials (Maljkovic & Nakayama, 2000). In contrast, a long-term priming effect in visual search has been demonstrated by Chun and Jiang (1998).…”

Section: Priming In Visual Searchmentioning

confidence: 93%

Repetition priming in visual search: Episodic retrieval, not feature priming

2004

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Previous research has shown that when the targets of successive visual searches have features in common, response times are shorter. However, the nature of the representation underlying this priming and how priming is affected by the task remain uncertain. In four experiments, subjects searched for an odd-sized target and reported its orientation. The color of the items was irrelevant to the task. When target size was repeated from the previous trial, repetition of target color speeded the response. However, when target size was different from that in the previous trial, repetition of target color slowed responses, rather than speeding them. Our results suggest that these priming phenomena reflect the same automatic mechanism as the priming of pop-out reported by Maljkovic and Nakayama (1994). However, the crossover interaction between repetition of one feature and another rules out Maljkovic and Nakayama's (1994) theory of independent potentiation of distinct feature representations. Instead, we suggest that the priming pattern results from contact with an episodic memory representation of the previous trial.

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Priming of popout: III. A short-term implicit memory system beneficial for rapid target selection

Cited by 210 publications

References 34 publications

Adult Age Differences in the Implicit and Explicit Components of Top-Down Attentional Guidance During Visual Search.

Adult Age Differences in the Implicit and Explicit Components of Top-Down Attentional Guidance During Visual Search.

Attentional guidance by salient feature singletons depends on intertrial contingencies.

Repetition priming in visual search: Episodic retrieval, not feature priming

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