Priming of host resistance to protect cultured rainbow trout <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> against eye flukes and parasite‐induced cataracts

Karvonen, Anssi; Halonen, H; Seppälä, Otto

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02597.x

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…3% of the average fish weight per day) and kept in the tanks for five weeks (16.3°C ± 0.1 SE), which is enough for the development of adaptive immune responses (e.g., [27,28,37]). Once a week, fish groups were moved randomly between the tanks to exclude tank specific effects for the development of immunity, and the tanks were cleaned and emptied.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype-Specific vs. Cross-Reactive Host Immunity against a Macroparasite

et al. 2013

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Vertebrate hosts often defend themselves against several co-infecting parasite genotypes simultaneously. This has important implications for the ecological dynamics and the evolution of host defence systems and parasite strategies. For example, it can drive the specificity of the adaptive immune system towards high genotype-specificity or cross-reactivity against several parasite genotypes depending on the sequence and probability of re-infections. However, to date, there is very little evidence on these interactions outside mammalian disease literature. In this study we asked whether genotype-specific or cross-reactive responses dominate in the adaptive immune system of a fish host towards a common macroparasite. In other words, we investigated if the infection success of a parasite genotype is influenced by the immunization genotype. We reciprocally immunized and re-exposed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to a range of genotypes of the trematode eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, and measured infection success of the parasite. We found that the infection success of the parasite genotypes in the re-exposure did not depend on the immunization genotype. While immunization reduced average infection success by 31%, the reduction was not larger against the initial immunization genotype. Our results suggest significant cross-reactivity, which may be advantageous for the host in genetically diverse re-exposures and have significant evolutionary implications for parasite strategies. Overall, our study is among the first to demonstrate cross-reactivity of adaptive immunity against genetically diverse macroparasites with complex life cycles.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype-Specific vs. Cross-Reactive Host Immunity against a Macroparasite

et al. 2013

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“…For example, in this system, exposure hot spots are mainly concentrated in shallow water habitats [27], which also typically represent the habitats for foraging and predator avoidance of small fish. Further, if the risk of repeated exposures is high, as in the present system [47,48], it may be beneficial to emphasize immunological defences once they are available. Thus, overall, the result suggests that host defence strategies can change with time, resulting in a plastic use of cognitive skills.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learned parasite avoidance is driven by host personality and resistance to infection in a fish–trematode interaction

Klemme¹,

Karvonen²

2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Cognitive abilities related to the assessment of risk improve survival. While earlier studies have examined the ability of animals to learn to avoid predators, learned parasite avoidance has received little interest. In a series of behavioural trials with the trematode parasite Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, we asked whether sea trout (Salmo trutta trutta) hosts show associative learning in the context of parasitism and if so, whether learning capacity is related to the likelihood of infection mediated through host personality and resistance. We show that animals are capable of learning to avoid visual cues associated with the presence of parasites. However, avoidance behaviour ceased after the likely activation of host resistance following consecutive exposures during learning, suggesting that resistance to infection outweighs avoidance. Further, we found a positive relationship between learning ability and boldness, suggesting a compensation of risky lifestyles through increased investment in cognitive abilities. By contrast, an increased risk of infection due to low resistance was not balanced by learning ability. Instead, these traits were positively related, which may be explained by inherent physiological qualities controlling both traits. Overall, the results demonstrate that parasitism, in addition to other biological interactions such as predation, is an important selective factor in the evolution of animal cognition.

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“…Asexual reproduction within the snail results in the release of large numbers of clonal free‐living cercariae that infect the second intermediate host, a freshwater fish. As cercarial shedding takes place during the whole summer, fish become repeatedly exposed during the season (Karvonen, Seppälä & Valtonen , ; Karvonen, Halonen & Seppälä ). After penetrating the fish, cercariae migrate to its eye lenses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…) and infection success at re‐exposure is significantly reduced (Karvonen et al . ; Karvonen, Seppälä & Valtonen ; Karvonen, Halonen & Seppälä ). This acquired immune response is cross‐reactive among D .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host infection history modifies co‐infection success of multiple parasite genotypes

Klemme

Louhi

Karvonen

2016

Journal of Animal Ecology

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Co-infections by multiple parasite genotypes are common and have important implications for host-parasite ecology and evolution through within-host interactions. Typically, these infections take place sequentially, and therefore, the outcome of co-infection may be shaped by host immune responses triggered by previous infections. For example, in vertebrates, specific immune responses play a central role in protection against disease over the course of life, but co-infection research has mostly focused on previously uninfected individuals. Here, we investigated whether sequential exposure and activation of host resistance in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss affects infection success and interactions between co-infecting parasite genotypes of the trematode eye-fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. In accordance with earlier results, we show that a simultaneous attack of two parasite genotypes facilitates parasite establishment in previously uninfected hosts. However, we find for the first time that this facilitation in co-infection is lost in hosts with prior infection. We conclude that vertebrate host infection history can affect the direction of within-host-parasite interactions. Our results may have significant implications for the evolution of co-infections and parasite transmission strategies.

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Priming of host resistance to protect cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss against eye flukes and parasite‐induced cataracts

Cited by 7 publications

References 19 publications

Genotype-Specific vs. Cross-Reactive Host Immunity against a Macroparasite

Genotype-Specific vs. Cross-Reactive Host Immunity against a Macroparasite

Learned parasite avoidance is driven by host personality and resistance to infection in a fish–trematode interaction

Host infection history modifies co‐infection success of multiple parasite genotypes

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