Genotype-Specific vs. Cross-Reactive Host Immunity against a Macroparasite

Rellstab, Christian; Karvonen, Anssi; Louhi, Katja-Riikka; Jokela, Jukka

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078427

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…It is known that genetically-distinct parasite strains differ in their virulence capacities in numerous host-parasite systems, the ability to induce pathological changes as well as the way they elicit immune responses within mammalian hosts [44-49]. We found that human subjects infected with the AI genotype of G. duodenalis had significantly higher serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-10, but not IL-5, compared with healthy controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Adaptive immune response in symptomatic and asymptomatic enteric protozoal infection: evidence for a determining role of parasite genetic heterogeneity in host immunity to human giardiasis

Babaei

Malihi

Ziaali

et al. 2016

Microbes and Infection

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The genetic basis of the ultimate clinical outcomes of human giardiasis has been the subject of numerous investigations. We previously demonstrated roles for both host and parasite factors in determining the outcome of enteric infection in a murine model of Giardia duodenalis infection. In the current study, fecal and serum specimens from healthy controls and human subjects infected with the intestinal parasite G. duodenalis were assessed. Using a semi-nested PCR method, clinical isolates were genetically characterized based on the gdh and tpi loci, and the phylogenetic trees were constructed. Using a sandwich ELISA method, the serum levels of representative TH1 and TH2 cytokines were measured in infected human subjects and healthy controls. Here we showed that symptomatic human giardiasis was characterized by significantly elevated serum levels of the TH1 cytokine IFN-γ compared to healthy controls, whereas asymptomatic human subjects and healthy controls had comparable levels of serum IFN-γ. Further analyses showed that human subjects infected with G. duodenalis genotype AI had significantly elevated levels of serum IFN-γ and IL-10, but not IL-5, whereas human subjects infected with AII had similar levels of those cytokines compared to healthy controls. These data demonstrate roles for both host and parasite factors in the determination of the outcome of enteric infections and may further broaden our understanding of host-parasite interaction during enteric protozoal infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Adaptive immune response in symptomatic and asymptomatic enteric protozoal infection: evidence for a determining role of parasite genetic heterogeneity in host immunity to human giardiasis

Babaei

Malihi

Ziaali

et al. 2016

Microbes and Infection

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“…In fact, this may even be a general mechanism for Gp.Gp interactions as indirect interactions between parasites are often mediated by the host immune system (Frank, 2002). However, the role of host immunity for Gp.Gp interactions was recently tested with Diplostomum parasites of fishwhich infection success rely on Gp.Gp interactions (Seppälä et al, 2012)-finding no evidence for genotype-specific priming of the host immune system (Rellstab et al, 2013).…”

Section: Underlying Processesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Genotype-specific interactions between parasitic arthropods

Orsucci¹,

Navajas²,

Fellous³

2016

Heredity

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Despite the ubiquity of coinfection, we know little of the effects of intra-specific genetic variability on coinfection by distinct parasite species. Here we test the hypothesis that parasite multiplication depends on the combination of parasite genotypes that coinfect the host (that is Genotype. × Genotype interaction). To that aim, we infected tomato leaves with the ecto-parasitic mites Tetranychus urticae and Tetranychus evansi. We tested all possible combinations between four T. urticae and two T. evansi populations sampled on different hosts or localities. There was no universal (that is genotype-independent) effect of coinfection on mite multiplication; in many cases the two species had no effect on each other. However, several combinations of T. evansi and T. urticae populations led to elevated T. evansi numbers. Similarly, T. urticae reproduction largely depended on the interaction between T. urticae and T. evansi populations. This evidence for genotype-by-genotype interaction between coinfecting parasites indicates that the effect of coinfection on parasite epidemiology and evolution may vary in space according to the genetic composition of local parasite populations; it further suggests the possibility of coevolution between parasites species that share the same hosts.

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“…pseudospathaceum genotypes, that is it provides protection at re‐exposure with other genotypes (Rellstab et al . ). Once established in the lens, the parasites develop to metacercariae that are long‐lived and induce cataracts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Host infection history modifies co‐infection success of multiple parasite genotypes

Klemme

Louhi

Karvonen

2016

Journal of Animal Ecology

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Co-infections by multiple parasite genotypes are common and have important implications for host-parasite ecology and evolution through within-host interactions. Typically, these infections take place sequentially, and therefore, the outcome of co-infection may be shaped by host immune responses triggered by previous infections. For example, in vertebrates, specific immune responses play a central role in protection against disease over the course of life, but co-infection research has mostly focused on previously uninfected individuals. Here, we investigated whether sequential exposure and activation of host resistance in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss affects infection success and interactions between co-infecting parasite genotypes of the trematode eye-fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. In accordance with earlier results, we show that a simultaneous attack of two parasite genotypes facilitates parasite establishment in previously uninfected hosts. However, we find for the first time that this facilitation in co-infection is lost in hosts with prior infection. We conclude that vertebrate host infection history can affect the direction of within-host-parasite interactions. Our results may have significant implications for the evolution of co-infections and parasite transmission strategies.

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Genotype-Specific vs. Cross-Reactive Host Immunity against a Macroparasite

Cited by 16 publications

References 52 publications

Adaptive immune response in symptomatic and asymptomatic enteric protozoal infection: evidence for a determining role of parasite genetic heterogeneity in host immunity to human giardiasis

Adaptive immune response in symptomatic and asymptomatic enteric protozoal infection: evidence for a determining role of parasite genetic heterogeneity in host immunity to human giardiasis

Genotype-specific interactions between parasitic arthropods

Host infection history modifies co‐infection success of multiple parasite genotypes

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