Primary Frequency Support from Offshore Wind Power Plants Connected to HVDC Grids

Bidadfar, Ali; Saborío‐Romano, Oscar; Sakamuri, Jayachandra N.; Altin, Müfıt; Cutululis, Nicolaos Antonio; Sørensen, Poul Ejnar

doi:10.1109/ptc.2019.8810820

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…For OWPs connected by multiple VSC HVDC connections, mainly FFR and PCR contributions of DC-side meshed connections are focused on in the literature, while SI contributions are not explicitly addressed [37][38][39][40][41]. Overall, similar findings as for single VSC HVDC connections are obtained.…”

Section: Related Work and Contributions Of This Articlementioning

confidence: 55%

“…Furthermore, the mechanism requires preselection, i.e., that the contributing behavior is assigned exclusively to one of the onshore HVDC converters [37]. For the utilization of additional energy from the OWP, [38] compares mechanisms with and without long-distance communication for PCR contributions, highlighting the difficulties of avoiding communication such as unwanted droop interactions of HVDC converters. Using long-distance communication, [39] proposes a mechanism for FFR contributions, but the ineligibility of SI contributions due to measurement delays remains.…”

Section: Related Work and Contributions Of This Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Onshore Synthetic Inertia and Primary Control Reserve Contributions of Alternating Current-Side Meshed Offshore Grids with Voltage-Source Converter and Diode Rectifier Unit High-Voltage Direct Current Connections

Herrmann,

Alkemper,

Hofmann

2023

Energies

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The increasing use of renewable energy sources in place of conventional generation units is leading to a reduction in onshore inertia and to the development of offshore wind park grids connected by multiple high-voltage direct current (HVDC) connections to the onshore alternating current (AC) grid. For AC-side meshed offshore grids with voltage-source converter (VSC) and diode rectifier unit (DRU) HVDC connections towards onshore grids, this study focuses on the energetic feasibility of synthetic inertia (SI) and primary control reserve (PCR) contributions triggered locally at the onshore converters of both connection types. To this end, the obstacles preventing contributions for VSC HVDC connections and the mechanisms allowing contributions for DRU HVDC connections are identified first. Based on these findings, the article proposes an enhancement of the offshore HVDC converter controls that is continuously active and allows locally triggered onshore contributions at all onshore HVDC converters of both connection types without using communication and requiring only minimal system knowledge. Additional simulations confirm that, although the enhancement is continuously active, the operational performance of the offshore HVDC converter controls for normal offshore grid operation and its robustness against offshore AC-side faults are not affected.

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Section: Related Work and Contributions Of This Articlementioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Related Work and Contributions Of This Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Onshore Synthetic Inertia and Primary Control Reserve Contributions of Alternating Current-Side Meshed Offshore Grids with Voltage-Source Converter and Diode Rectifier Unit High-Voltage Direct Current Connections

Herrmann,

Alkemper,

Hofmann

2023

Energies

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“…Although this method of frequency control is relatively more reliable and economical, it can result in some challenges. In [5,10,11] it has been shown that using AFC in offshore HVDC networks, the delivered power to onshore systems-in response to a frequency drop-is less than what is expected by system operators.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Primary Frequency Control of Offshore HVDC Grids on Interarea Modes of Power Systems

et al. 2019

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Offshore high-voltage DC (HVDC) grids are developing as a technically reliable and economical solution to transfer more offshore wind power to onshore power systems. It is also foreseen that the offshore HVDC grids pave the way for offshore wind participation in power systems’ balancing process through frequency support. The primary frequency control mechanism in an HVDC grid can be either centralized using communication links between HVDC terminals or decentralized by the simultaneous use of DC voltage and frequency droop controls. This paper investigates the impact of both types of primary frequency control of offshore HVDC grids on onshore power system dynamics. Parametric presentation of power systems’ electro-mechanical dynamics and HVDC controls is developed to analytically prove that the primary frequency control can improve the damping of interarea modes of onshore power systems. The key findings of the paper include showing that the simultaneous use of frequency and DC voltage droop controls on onshore converters results in an autonomous share of damping torque between onshore power systems even without any participation of offshore wind farms in the frequency control. It is also found that the resulting damping from the frequency control of offshore HVDC is not always reliable as it can be nullified by the power limits of HVDC converters or wind farms. Therefore, using power oscillation damping control in parallel with frequency control is suggested. The analytical findings are verified by simulations on a three-terminal offshore HVDC grid.

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“…Proposed frequency control for HVDC converter on onshore j. Signals sig cfc and ∆P onj cfc are provided by the CFC in(12). Proposed frequency control for offshore HVDC and wind turbine converters in wind farm i.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On Feasibility of Autonomous Frequency-Support Provision from Offshore HVDC Grids

Bidadfar

Saborío‐Romano

Sakamuri

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Power Delivery

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Offshore multi-terminal high-voltage dc (HVDC) grids are emerging as a technical reliable and economical solution to transfer more offshore wind energy to inland power grids. It is also envisaged that the offshore HVDC grids pave the way for both offshore wind participation and sharing inland frequency reserves for efficient power systems' frequency control. The frequency control mechanism in an HVDC grid can be either centralized or decentralized. An autonomous frequency control (AFC) is a decentralized control, which does not require communication links between dc grid terminals. In the AFC, the dc-link voltage is used as a medium to reflect the inland frequency change to other terminals. The AFC has some technical and nontechnical challenges, especially when the dc grid is connected to more than one shore ac systems. Among challenges of the AFC are the deficiency in meeting grid code requirements, adverse reaction of converters, dc voltage variations, difficulties of offshore wind participation in power markets. This paper proposes a new methodology of frequency control which uses both centralized control and AFC simultaneously. The proposed methodology shall improve system security and mitigate the listed problems of the AFC. A four-terminal dc grid is described and used for analysis and demonstration of the proposed methodology.

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Primary Frequency Support from Offshore Wind Power Plants Connected to HVDC Grids

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

Analysis of Onshore Synthetic Inertia and Primary Control Reserve Contributions of Alternating Current-Side Meshed Offshore Grids with Voltage-Source Converter and Diode Rectifier Unit High-Voltage Direct Current Connections

Analysis of Onshore Synthetic Inertia and Primary Control Reserve Contributions of Alternating Current-Side Meshed Offshore Grids with Voltage-Source Converter and Diode Rectifier Unit High-Voltage Direct Current Connections

Impact of Primary Frequency Control of Offshore HVDC Grids on Interarea Modes of Power Systems

On Feasibility of Autonomous Frequency-Support Provision from Offshore HVDC Grids

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