Abstract. Large-scale integration of renewable energy sources with power-electronic converters is pushing the power system closer to its dynamic stability limit. This has increased the risk of wide-area blackouts. Thus, the changing generation profile in the power system necessitates the use of alternate sources of energy such as wind power plants, to provide black-start services in the future. However, this requires grid-forming and not the traditionally prevalent grid-following wind turbines. This paper introduces the general working principle of grid-forming control and examines four of such control schemes. To compare their performance, a simulation study has been carried out for the different stages of energization of onshore load by a high-voltage direct-current (HVDC)-connected wind power plant. Their transient behaviour during transformer inrush, converter pre-charging and de-blocking, and onshore block-load pickup has been compared and analysed qualitatively to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each control strategy.
The current practice of power system restoration mainly relies on conventional power plants, which can provide black start in case of a black out using fossil fuels. HVdcconnected offshore wind power plants can, on the other hand, provide fast and environmentally friendly solutions for power system restoration, once their state of the art wind turbines are equipped with the grid-forming capability. In this paper, the background and existing solutions for wind turbine and wind power plant self-energization and onshore grid black start are presented, together with simulation results of an offshore wind power plant sequentially energizing the offshore ac network, offshore HVdc terminal, HVdc link, onshore HVdc terminal, and onshore ac terminal and load. Black start, energization, grid-forming wind turbine control, HVdc transmission, offshore wind energy integration I.
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Diode rectifiers have been gaining traction as a viable alternative for connecting offshore wind farms (OWFs) to HVdc networks. However, before technical connection requirements compatible with such solutions can be determined, more studies are needed to assess their capabilities to contribute to the secure operation of the networks linked to them. This study assesses the capability of such an OWF to provide support to an onshore ac network by means of primary frequency response (PFR). A semi-aggregated OWF representation is considered in order to examine the dynamics of each grid-forming wind turbine (WT) within a string when providing PFR. Simulation results corroborate that such an OWF can indeed provide PFR, while its grid-forming WTs share the reactive power and keep the offshore frequency and voltages within their normal operating ranges.
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