Primary energy used in centralised and decentralised ventilation systems measured in field tests in residential buildings

Merzkirch, Alexander; Maas, Stefan; Scholzen, Frank; Waldmann, Danièle

doi:10.1080/14733315.2017.1300432

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The literature provides analyses of decentralized façade ventilation units [35][36][37]; however, they usually concern the energy efficiency of a unit and its impact on building energy balance. However, it is necessary to carry out an analysis of the dependence between the inside and outside temperature in facilities equipped with decentralized façade ventilation systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microclimate in Rooms Equipped with Decentralized Façade Ventilation Device

Zender–Świercz

2020

Atmosphere

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Many building are characterized by insufficient air exchange, which may result in the symptoms of sick building syndrome (SBS). A large number of existing buildings are equipped with natural ventilation, whose work is disturbed by activities going to energy-saving. The thermomodernization activities are about mounting new sealed windows and laying thermal isolation, which reduces the amount of infiltrating/exfiltrating air. In many cases, the mechanical ventilation cannot be used due to a lack of a place in building or architectural and construction requirements. One of the solutions to improve the indoor microclimate is the decentralized façade ventilation. In the article, the internal air parameters in an office room equipped with decentralized façade ventilation device were analyzed. The room was equipped with a decentralized façade unit, which cyclically supplied and removed air from the room. The time of the supply/exhaust was changed to 2 min, 4 min, and 10 min. The temperature and the humidity of the indoor air and the outdoor air and the concentration of carbon dioxide inside the room were measured. The analysis showed that despite the lack of a heater in the device, the air temperature in the workplace and in the central point of the room was in the range of 20–22 °C. The air humidity was in the range of 27–43%.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microclimate in Rooms Equipped with Decentralized Façade Ventilation Device

Zender–Świercz

2020

Atmosphere

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Forward-looking values from a consumption perspective can contribute towards improving their carbon accounting analyses. Similarly, the fact that imports are not taken into account in a variety of previous academic studies (e.g., [4,5,28,[38][39][40][41][42]) is a limitation that could be alleviated in future research by using the generated conversion factor database.…”

Section: Impact Of Importsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In line with the frequent use of yearly temporal resolutions and retrospective conversion factors, the handling of imported electricity in the calculation of conversion factors is another methodological issue that is found in the literature. Many recent studies still use conversion factors that do not consider the imports of electricity from neighboring countries [4,5,28,[38][39][40][41][42]. Whenever a country covers a large share of its electricity consumption with imports from other countries, taking these imports into account can be of considerable importance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 Intensities and Primary Energy Factors in the Future European Electricity System

Hamels

2021

Energies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The European Union strives for sharp reductions in both CO2 emissions as well as primary energy use. Electricity consuming technologies are becoming increasingly important in this context, due to the ongoing electrification of transport and heating services. To correctly evaluate these technologies, conversion factors are needed—namely CO2 intensities and primary energy factors (PEFs). However, this evaluation is hindered by the unavailability of a high-quality database of conversion factor values. Ideally, such a database has a broad geographical scope, a high temporal resolution and considers cross-country exchanges of electricity as well as future evolutions in the electricity mix. In this paper, a state-of-the-art unit commitment economic dispatch model of the European electricity system is developed and a flow-tracing technique is innovatively applied to future scenarios (2025–2040)—to generate such a database and make it publicly available. Important dynamics are revealed, including an overall decrease in conversion factor values as well as considerable temporal variability at both the seasonal and hourly level. Furthermore, the importance of taking into account imports and carefully considering the calculation methodology for PEFs are both confirmed. Future estimates of the CO2 emissions and primary energy use associated with individual electrical loads can be meaningfully improved by taking into account these dynamics.

show abstract

“…According to the method provided in the reference, the minimum separation distances between intake and exhaust openings can be derived from the dilution factor f that is defined as: (8) where f dilution factor qv exhaust air flow rate, l/s B capacity of a chimney/outlet of a heating system in kW l distance between air intake and exhaust outlet Δh difference in height between the air intake and exhaust outlet C1, C2 dilution coefficients (situation dependent)…”

Section: En 167984mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ventilation exhaust air re-entrainment is an episodic air pollution event which occurs when the discharged exhaust air is transported back into the building through ventilation air intakes or other openings in the building enclosure [3] and it can potentially induce indoor air quality problems from comfort issues like nuisance due to odors to re-entry of pollutants that are harmful to health [4]. The issue of contaminant transfer from an exhaust outlet to the outdoor air intake in different building types with mechanical ventilation has been reported in several studies, including single-family and multifamily residential buildings [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and nonresidential buildings [13][14][15][16]. In addition, re-entrainment has been extensively studied in buildings with singlesided natural ventilation where airborne transmission of infectious biological aerosols [17,18], particulate matter [19] and gaseous contaminants [20,21] route has been shown from one dwelling unit to another through open windows via outdoor air along the external wall due to the effect of wind and buoyancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design criteria for outdoor air intakes and exhaust air outlets located on an external wall

2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Optimal placement of outdoor air intakes and exhaust outlets is a source control measure to avoid the degradation of air quality at the air intakes. Re-entrainment is an occasional air pollution instance that happens if pollutants in the exhaust air stream, after being discharged to outdoors, are transferred back to outdoor air intake location due to unfavorable meteorological conditions and inadequate positioning of the air intakes and exhaust outlets. In engineering practice, it is impractical to always conduct detailed dispersion modeling due to the complexity of airflow phenomena in the urban environments, and therefore, engineers rely on prescriptive design guidelines or simplified empirical models published in technical literature and regulation documents. Commonly, the design guidelines to avoid the re-entrainment phenomenon are for buildings with rooftop exhaust stacks, but the exhaust outlets might also be situated on the building façade. The objective of this paper is to overview the existing design guidelines for the placement of horizontal air intakes and exhaust outlets. Technical engineering literature, including international standards, codes, and guidebooks is reviewed to extract both qualitative and quantitative design guidelines relevant to the placement of air intakes and exhausts on an external wall.

show abstract

Primary energy used in centralised and decentralised ventilation systems measured in field tests in residential buildings

Cited by 5 publications

References 6 publications

Microclimate in Rooms Equipped with Decentralized Façade Ventilation Device

Microclimate in Rooms Equipped with Decentralized Façade Ventilation Device

CO2 Intensities and Primary Energy Factors in the Future European Electricity System

Design criteria for outdoor air intakes and exhaust air outlets located on an external wall

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About