Primary changes of voltage responses during retention of associative learning.

West, AK; Barnes, Earl; Alkon, Daniel L.

doi:10.1152/jn.1982.48.5.1243

Cited by 106 publications

(79 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, the B photoreceptors have been presumed to directly mediate a contraction of the animal's foot, although in the untrained animal this response is inhibited by reciprocal projections from the normally dominant type A photoreceptor (Lederhendler et al 1986). Thus, the increase in excitability (i.e., input resistance) of the B photoreceptors is thought to causally contribute (at least in part) to associative alterations in light-initiated behaviors and has served as a primary cellular index of associative learning in numerous studies (e.g., West et al 1982;Matzel and Rogers 1993;Rogers et al 1984).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher-order associative processing in Hermissenda suggests multiple sites of neuronal modulation.

Rogers

Matzel²

1996

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher-order associative processing in Hermissenda suggests multiple sites of neuronal modulation.

Rogers

Matzel²

1996

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“…A number of invertebrate preparations also exhibit enhanced excitability in identified neurons of conditioned animals (for review see Sahley and Crow 1998). Studies of Pavlovian conditioning of Hermissenda have identified several sites of plasticity in the CS pathway consisting of modifications in both excitability and synaptic efficacy (Crow and Alkon 1980;Farley and Alkon 1982;West et al 1982;Frysztak and Crow 1993Gandhi and Matzel 2000;Crow and Tian 2002b). Voltage-clamp experiments conducted on type B photoreceptors isolated by axotomy after conditioning showed that voltage (I A , I Ca ) and Ca 2+ -dependent (I K,Ca ) currents are reduced Collin et al 1988).…”

Section: Conditioning Correlates In Motor Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Correlates of Pavlovian Conditioning in Components of the Neural Network Supporting Ciliary Locomotion inHermissenda

Crow¹,

Tian²

2003

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Pavlovian conditioning in Hermissenda consists of pairing light, the conditioned stimulus (CS) with activation of statocyst hair cells, the unconditioned stimulus (US). Conditioning produces CS-elicited foot shortening and inhibition of light-elicited locomotion, the two conditioned responses (CRs). Conditioning correlates have been identified in the primary sensory neurons (photoreceptors) of the CS pathway, interneurons that receive monosynaptic input from identified photoreceptors, and putative pedal motor neurons. While cellular mechanisms of acquisition produced by the synaptic interaction between the CS and US pathways are well-documented, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the generation or expression of the CR. Here we show that in conditioned animals light reduced tonic firing of ciliary activating pedal neurons (VP1) below their pre-CS baseline levels. In contrast, pseudorandom controls expressed a significant increase in CS-elicited tonic firing of VP1 as compared to pre-CS baseline activity. Identified interneurons in the visual pathway that have established polysynaptic connections with VP1 were examined in conditioned animals and pseudorandom controls. Depolarization of identified type I e interneurons with extrinsic current elicited a significant increase in IPSPs recorded in VP1 pedal neurons of conditioned animals as compared with pseudorandom controls. Conditioning also enhanced intrinsic excitability of type I e interneurons of conditioned animals as compared to pseudorandom controls. Light evoked a modest increase in IPSP frequency in VP1 of conditioned preparations and a significant decrease in IPSP frequency in VP1 of pseudorandom controls. Our results show that a combination of synaptic facilitation and intrinsic enhanced excitability in identified components of the CS pathway may explain light-elicited inhibition of locomotion in conditioned animals.Pavlovian conditioning in Hermissenda results in conditioned stimulus (CS)-elicited inhibition of phototaxis (Crow and Alkon 1978;Crow and Offenbach 1983) and CS-elicited foot contraction (Lederhendler et al. 1986). While these two motor acts appear dissimilar, inhibition of CS-elicited ciliary locomotion and CS-elicited foot contraction may synergistically interact to contribute to the inhibition of phototactic behavior observed in conditioned animals. While some progress has been made in the identification of foot contraction motor neurons (Goh and Alkon 1984) and cellular neurophysiological correlates of conditioning in a contractile pedal motor neuron (Goh et al. 1985), little is known regarding cellular plasticity in the neural network supporting ciliary locomotion in conditioned Hermissenda. Recently, pedal neurons activating cilia on the anterior foot have been identified and synaptic connections between type I, II, and III interneurons and VP1 ciliary activating pedal neurons have been established (Crow and Tian 2003).In this report we show that Pavlovian conditioning results in light-elicited inhibition of the spike ...

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“…Previous studies of associative learning in Hermissenda have shown that pavlovian conditioning results in long-term intrinsic enhanced excitability of neurons in the CS pathway (Crow and Alkon, 1980;Farley and Alkon, 1982;West et al, 1982;Crow, 1985;. Voltage-clamp studies identified a reduction in several K ϩ currents, I A and I K,Ca , as contributors to conditioning-dependent enhanced excitability (Alkon et al, Ϫ1 , where V 1/2 is the half-activation voltage, and k m is the maximum slope.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of Conditioned Stimulus Pathway Phosphoprotein 24 Expression Blocks the Reduction in A-Type Transient K⁺Current Produced by One-TrialIn VitroConditioning ofHermissenda

Yamoah¹,

Levic²,

Redell³

et al. 2005

J. Neurosci.

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Long-term intrinsic enhanced excitability is a characteristic of cellular plasticity and learning-dependent modifications in the activity of neural networks. The regulation of voltage-dependent K ϩ channels by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and their localization is proposed to be important in the control of cellular plasticity. One-trial conditioning in Hermissenda results in enhanced excitability in sensory neurons, type B photoreceptors, of the conditioned stimulus pathway. Conditioning also regulates the phosphorylation of conditioned stimulus pathway phosphoprotein 24 (Csp24), a cytoskeletal-related protein containing multiple ␤-thymosin-like domains. Recently, it was shown that the downregulation of Csp24 expression mediated by an antisense oligonucleotide blocked the development of enhanced excitability in identified type B photoreceptors after one-trial conditioning without affecting short-term excitability. Here, we show using whole-cell patch recordings that one-trial in vitro conditioning applied to isolated photoreceptors produces a significant reduction in the amplitude of the A-type transient K ϩ current (I A ) detected 1.5-16 h after conditioning. One-trial conditioning produced a depolarized shift in the steady-state activation curve of I A without altering the inactivation curve. The conditioning-dependent reduction in I A was blocked by preincubation of the photoreceptors with Csp antisense oligonucleotide. These results provide an important link between Csp24, a cytoskeletal protein, and regulation of voltage-gated ion channels associated with intrinsic enhanced excitability underlying pavlovian conditioning.

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Primary changes of voltage responses during retention of associative learning.

Cited by 106 publications

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Higher-order associative processing in Hermissenda suggests multiple sites of neuronal modulation.

Higher-order associative processing in Hermissenda suggests multiple sites of neuronal modulation.

Neural Correlates of Pavlovian Conditioning in Components of the Neural Network Supporting Ciliary Locomotion inHermissenda

Inhibition of Conditioned Stimulus Pathway Phosphoprotein 24 Expression Blocks the Reduction in A-Type Transient K⁺Current Produced by One-TrialIn VitroConditioning ofHermissenda

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Primary changes of voltage responses during retention of associative learning.

Cited by 106 publications

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Higher-order associative processing in Hermissenda suggests multiple sites of neuronal modulation.

Higher-order associative processing in Hermissenda suggests multiple sites of neuronal modulation.

Neural Correlates of Pavlovian Conditioning in Components of the Neural Network Supporting Ciliary Locomotion inHermissenda

Inhibition of Conditioned Stimulus Pathway Phosphoprotein 24 Expression Blocks the Reduction in A-Type Transient K+Current Produced by One-TrialIn VitroConditioning ofHermissenda

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Inhibition of Conditioned Stimulus Pathway Phosphoprotein 24 Expression Blocks the Reduction in A-Type Transient K⁺Current Produced by One-TrialIn VitroConditioning ofHermissenda