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Cited by 6 publications
References 13 publications
ABSTRACT/Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a fatal disease of the central nervous system caused primarily by the free-living ameba, Naegleria fowleri. PAM is primarily associated with swimming in various types of fresh water. World literature was reviewed in order to derive a risk analysis model that would be helpful in the management of PAM. The management of PAM risk is difficult, and the prevention of PAM is almost impossible. However, it is reassuring that the cases and risks estimated by the risk model are usually small, with individual annual risk on the order of 10 -6 .Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a fatal disease of the central nervous system caused by free-living amebae that exist in water and soil. Two genera of amebae, Naegleria and Acanthamoeba, are known to cause fatal PAM. There is general agreement that Naegleria fowleri is the most frequent cause of PAM. There is some disagreement as to whether Naegleria gruberi is also pathogenic (Cursons and Brown 1975, DeJonckheere and Van DeVoorde 1976, Duma and others 1971b, John 1982, since Naegleria gruberi can be isolated from healthy people (Shumaker and others 1971). Naegleria fowleri causes a well-defined acutely fatal meningoencephalitis by invading the brain and meninges via the nasal mucosa and olfactory tissue (Anderson and others 1973, Benenson 1985, Carter and others 1981, Chang 1974, Darby and others 1979, Duma 1978, Jamieson and Anderson 1973, Rothrock and Buchsbaum 1980, Wellings 1977c, Willaert and others 1974. Naeglerial PAM is primarily associated with swimming and other water contact activities that allow water into the nasal passages (Cain and others 1979, Cursons and others 1979, Dorsch and others 1983, Jamieson and Anderson 1973, John 1982, Martinez and others 1977.Acanthamoeba species cause a poorly defined PAM that has a subacute or chronic course. These amebae probably reach the central nervous system via a skin lesion. Infection usually occurs in chronically ill or immunosuppressed patients with no history of swimming (Benenson 1985, Carter and others 1981, Hoffman and others 1978, Martinez and others 1977, Rinaldi and others 1979, Tyndall and others 1981. The remainder of this report concerns only Naegleriafowleri.Naeglerial PAM was first recognized in 1965 (Darby and others 1979, John 1982, Wellings, 1977c
ABSTRACT/Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a fatal disease of the central nervous system caused primarily by the free-living ameba, Naegleria fowleri. PAM is primarily associated with swimming in various types of fresh water. World literature was reviewed in order to derive a risk analysis model that would be helpful in the management of PAM. The management of PAM risk is difficult, and the prevention of PAM is almost impossible. However, it is reassuring that the cases and risks estimated by the risk model are usually small, with individual annual risk on the order of 10 -6 .Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a fatal disease of the central nervous system caused by free-living amebae that exist in water and soil. Two genera of amebae, Naegleria and Acanthamoeba, are known to cause fatal PAM. There is general agreement that Naegleria fowleri is the most frequent cause of PAM. There is some disagreement as to whether Naegleria gruberi is also pathogenic (Cursons and Brown 1975, DeJonckheere and Van DeVoorde 1976, Duma and others 1971b, John 1982, since Naegleria gruberi can be isolated from healthy people (Shumaker and others 1971). Naegleria fowleri causes a well-defined acutely fatal meningoencephalitis by invading the brain and meninges via the nasal mucosa and olfactory tissue (Anderson and others 1973, Benenson 1985, Carter and others 1981, Chang 1974, Darby and others 1979, Duma 1978, Jamieson and Anderson 1973, Rothrock and Buchsbaum 1980, Wellings 1977c, Willaert and others 1974. Naeglerial PAM is primarily associated with swimming and other water contact activities that allow water into the nasal passages (Cain and others 1979, Cursons and others 1979, Dorsch and others 1983, Jamieson and Anderson 1973, John 1982, Martinez and others 1977.Acanthamoeba species cause a poorly defined PAM that has a subacute or chronic course. These amebae probably reach the central nervous system via a skin lesion. Infection usually occurs in chronically ill or immunosuppressed patients with no history of swimming (Benenson 1985, Carter and others 1981, Hoffman and others 1978, Martinez and others 1977, Rinaldi and others 1979, Tyndall and others 1981. The remainder of this report concerns only Naegleriafowleri.Naeglerial PAM was first recognized in 1965 (Darby and others 1979, John 1982, Wellings, 1977c
Survey of Naegleria and its resisting bacteria-Legionella in hot spring water of Taiwan using molecular method
Naegleria is a free-living amoebae existing in soil and aquatic environments. Within the genus Naegleria, N. fowleri is most recognized as potential human pathogen causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Furthermore, the Naegleria spp. can serve as vehicles for facultative pathogens, such as Legionella. In this study, we identified Naegleria and Legionella based on the PCR amplification with a genus-specific primer pair and investigated the distribution of Naegleria and Legionella at five spring recreation areas in Taiwan. In this study of hot spring and other water sources in Taiwan, five Naegleria spp. were detected in 15 (14.2%) of the water samples. The most frequently detected was N. lovaniensis (n = 6), followed by N. australiensis (n = 5), and then N. clarki (n = 2). N. americana and N. pagei were detected once, respectively. The pathogenic species N. fowleri was not detected; however, N. australiensis considered to be a potential pathogen species in humans was found. Legionella spp., an endosymbiont of Naegleria, was detected in 19 (17.9%) of the water samples in this study. Overall, 5.7% of the water samples contained both Naegleria and Legionella. The Legionella spp. identified were L. pneumophila and L. erythra. Results of this survey confirm the existence of Naegleria and Legionella in Taiwan spring recreation areas. It should be considered a potential threat for health associated with human activities in spring recreation areas of Taiwan.
Roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) has been used as an alternative source of water in water scarce regions of many countries. The microbiological and chemical quality of RHRW has been questioned due to the presence of bacterial and protozoan pathogens. However, information on the occurrence of pathogenic amoeba in RHRW tank samples is needed due to their health risk potential and known associations with opportunistic pathogens. Therefore, this study aims to determine the quantitative occurrence of Naegleria fowleri in RHRW tank samples from Southeast Queensland (SEQ), Australia (AU), and the Kleinmond Housing Scheme located in Kleinmond, South Africa (SA). In all, 134 and 80 RHRW tank samples were collected from SEQ, and the Kleinmond Housing Scheme, Western Cape, SA, respectively. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays were used to measure the concentrations of N. fowleri, and culture-based methods were used to measure fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus spp. Of the 134 tank water samples tested from AU, 69 and 62.7% were positive for E. coli, and Enterococcus spp., respectively. For the SA tank water samples, FIB analysis was conducted for samples SA-T41 to SA-T80 (n = 40). Of the 40 samples analyzed from SA, 95 and 35% were positive for E. coli and Enterococcus spp., respectively. Of the 134 water samples tested in AU, 15 (11.2%) water samples were positive for N. fowleri, and the concentrations ranged from 1.7 × 10 to 3.6 × 10 gene copies per 100 mL of water. Of the 80 SA tank water samples screened for N. fowleri, 15 (18.8%) tank water samples were positive for N. fowleri and the concentrations ranged from 2.1 × 10 to 7.8 × 10 gene copies per 100 mL of tank water. The prevalence of N. fowleri in RHRW tank samples from AU and SA thus warrants further development of dose-response models for N. fowleri and a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to inform and prioritize strategies for reducing associated public health risks.
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