Survey of Naegleria and its resisting bacteria-Legionella in hot spring water of Taiwan using molecular method

Huang, Shing-Tsaan; Hsu, Bing-Mu

doi:10.1007/s00436-010-1815-0

Cited by 32 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…FLA occurrence, species identification, endosymbiosis with Legionella, and relationship to water quality parameters FLA Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, and Naegleria are ubiquitous in natural and man-made aquatic environments, including river, cooling water, hot spring water, tap water, freshwater sources, and swimming pools (Edagawa et al 2009;Ettinger et al 2003;Lorenzo-Morales et al 2005;Hsu et al 2009;Huang and Hsu 2010;Tsvetkova et al 2004). The occurrence of Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, and Naegleria were 5.9% (3/51), 52.9% (27/51), and 5.9%…”

Section: Site Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and identification of Legionella and their host amoebae from weak alkaline carbonate spring water using a culture method combined with PCR

et al. 2011

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Legionella were detected with the direct DNA extraction method, Legionella culture method, and free-living amoebae (FLA) culture method from weak alkaline carbonate spring water in Taiwan. Moreover, we also investigated the existence of Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, and Naegleria, ubiquitous FLA in aquatic environments, to identify the correlations between existing Legionella. This study reports detecting Legionella in 15 of the 51 weak alkaline carbonate spring water samples (29.4%). This work also found five of the 51 samples (9.8%) analyzed by the direct DNA extraction method, three of the 51 (5.9%) samples analyzed by the Legionella culture method, and 11 of the 51 samples (21.6%) evaluated using the FLA culture method to be positive for Legionella. The most frequently identified Legionella species was the Legionella-like amoebal pathogen (n=5), followed by unidentified Legionella spp. (n=4), and Legionella pneumophila (n=4), Legionella fairfieldensis (n=3), and then Legionella rubrilucens (n=2). Legionella waltersii was detected once. The occurrence of Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, and Naegleria were 5.9% (3/51), 52.9% (27/51), and 5.9% (3/51), respectively. All Hartmannella isolates were identified as Hartmannella vermiformis, and Naegleria isolates were all identified as Naegleria australiensis. The three Acanthamoeba isolates were identified as one Acanthamoeba polyphaga and two Acanthamoeba jacobsi. H. vermiformis (40.7%) were Legionella hosts, including all of the amoebae-resistant Legionella detected in the present study. Therefore, the important correlations between Legionella and H. vermiformis require further clarification. The combined results of this survey confirm that Legionella and FLA are ubiquitous in weak alkaline carbonate spring water in Taiwan.

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Section: Site Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and identification of Legionella and their host amoebae from weak alkaline carbonate spring water using a culture method combined with PCR

et al. 2011

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“…In recent years, the source of Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, Naegleria and their intracellular parasites from spring water samples had been reported in Taiwan (Hsu et al 2009a, b;Huang and Hsu 2010a, b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Molecular detection and comparison of Acanthamoeba genotypes in different functions of watersheds in Taiwan

Kao

Hsu

Chen

et al. 2011

Environ Monit Assess

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The protistan genus Acanthamoeba is a free-living amoeba existing in various environments. Within this protistan genus, there are some species recognized as potential human pathogens, which may cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, Acanthamoeba keratitis and chronic granulomatous lesions of the skin. In this study, 211 water samples were collected from two watersheds in southern Taiwan. We detected Acanthamoeba based on the PCR amplification with a genus-specific primer pair and investigation of Acanthamoeba in Puzih River and Kaoping River in southern Taiwan. Acanthamoeba species were detected in 34 (16.1%) samples. The presence or absence of Acanthamoeba within the water samples showed significant difference with the levels of water temperature and total coliforms. The most frequently identified Acanthamoeba genotype was T4 (n = 19), followed by T5 (n = 8), and then T15 (n = 3). Genotype T6, T7/T8, T11 and T12 were all detected once. Genotype T4, T5, T6, T11 and T15 of Acanthamoeba are responsible for Acanthamoeba keratitis and should be considered a potential health threat associated with human activities in environmental surface water watersheds.

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“…16,29,43 We discovered that three samples contained two types of FLA hosts simultaneously. Two of these samples contained V. vermiformis and Acanthamoeba (Acanthamoeba spp.…”

Section: Extracellular and Intracellular Legionella And Fla Hostsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Surveillance of parasiticLegionellain surface waters by using immunomagnetic separation and amoebae enrichment

Hsu

et al. 2015

Pathogens and Global Health

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Free-living amoebae (FLA) are potential reservoirs of Legionella in aquatic environments. However, the parasitic relationship between various Legionella and amoebae remains unclear. In this study, surface water samples were gathered from two rivers for evaluating parasitic Legionella. Warmer water temperature is critical to the existence of Legionella. This result suggests that amoebae may be helpful in maintaining Legionella in natural environments because warmer temperatures could enhance parasitisation of Legionella in amoebae. We next used immunomagnetic separation (IMS) to identify extracellular Legionella and remove most free Legionella before detecting the parasitic ones in selectively enriched amoebae. Legionella pneumophila was detected in all the approaches, confirming that the pathogen is a facultative amoebae parasite. By contrast, two obligate amoebae parasites, Legionella-like amoebal pathogens (LLAPs) 8 and 9, were detected only in enriched amoebae. However, several uncultured Legionella were detected only in the extracellular samples. Because the presence of potential hosts, namely Vermamoeba vermiformis, Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria gruberi, was confirmed in the samples that contained intracellular Legionella, uncultured Legionella may survive independently of amoebae. Immunomagnetic separation and amoebae enrichment may have referential value for detecting parasitic Legionella in surface waters.

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Survey of Naegleria and its resisting bacteria-Legionella in hot spring water of Taiwan using molecular method

Cited by 32 publications

References 34 publications

Isolation and identification of Legionella and their host amoebae from weak alkaline carbonate spring water using a culture method combined with PCR

Isolation and identification of Legionella and their host amoebae from weak alkaline carbonate spring water using a culture method combined with PCR

Molecular detection and comparison of Acanthamoeba genotypes in different functions of watersheds in Taiwan

Surveillance of parasiticLegionellain surface waters by using immunomagnetic separation and amoebae enrichment

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