“…Moreover, a number of studies appear to focus on coordination and conflict between direct marketers and conventional intermediaries such as retailers, typically analyzing the economic impacts of the introduction of the direct Internet channel (e.g., Balasubramanian, 1998;Chiang et al, 2003;Tsay and Agrawal, 2004a;Liu, 2003, 2005;Chiang and Monahan, 2005;Yao et al, , 2009Cattani et al, 2006;Liu et al, 2006;Kurata et al, 2007;Bernstein et al, 2008;Dumrongsiri et al, 2008;Huang and Swaminathan, 2009;Chiang, 2010;Hua et al, 2010;Khouja and Wang, 2010;Chen et al, 2013;Hsiao and Chen, 2013;Carrillo et al, 2014;Xiao et al, 2014;Khouja and Zhou, 2015;Li et al, 2015;Rodríguez and Aydın, 2015;Yan et al, 2015). Balasubramanian (1998) investigates the competition between direct marketers and conventional retailers by considering the adaptability of products to the direct sales channel and the product information revealed to customers.…”