Purpose -Promotes a system dynamics-discrete event simulation hybrid modelling framework; one that is useful for investigating problems comprising multifaceted elements which interact and evolve over time, such as is found in TPM.Design/methodology/approach -The hybrid modelling framework commences with system observation using field notes which culminate in model conceptualization to structure the problem. Thereafter, a system dynamics-discrete event simulation hybrid model is designed for the system, and simulated to proffer improvement programmes. The hybrid model emphasizes the interactions between key constructs relating to the system, feedback structures and process flow concepts that are the hallmarks of many problems in production. The modelling framework is applied to the TPM operations of a bottling plant where sub-optimal TPM performance was affecting throughput performance.Findings -Simulation results for the case study show that intangible human factors such as worker motivation do not significantly affect TPM performance. What is most critical is ensuring full compliance to routine and scheduled maintenance tasks and coordinating the latter to align with rate of machine defect creation.Research implications/limitations -The framework was developed with completeness, generality and reuse in view. It remains to be applied to a wide variety of TPM and non-TPMrelated problems.Practical implications -The developed hybrid model is scalable and can fit into an existing discrete event simulation model of a production system. The case study findings indicate where TPM managers should focus their efforts.Originality/value -The investigation of TPM using system dynamics-discrete event simulation hybrid modelling is a novelty. . Please refer to any applicable publisher terms of use.
The hybrid modelling frameworkSD-DES hybrid modelling is a special case of mixed-method SD and DES, where SD and DES sub-models are built to represent different aspects of the system for example broad/focused problems (Brailsford et al., 2010) as well as non-physical/physical concepts (Alvanchi et al.