Preventive Efficacy of Vanillic Acid on Regulation of Redox Homeostasis, Matrix Metalloproteinases and Cyclin D1 in Rats Bearing Endometrial Carcinoma

Abstract

Endometrial carcinoma is a malignant tumor of the female genital tract. This study has been performed to evaluate the chemopreventive efficacy of vanillic acid (a bio flavonoid) on endometrial carcinoma (EC) by assessing the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), cytochrome P450, antioxidants-superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxides (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamins C and E, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and 9) and cell cycle check point protein (cyclin D1) in -methyl-'-nitro--nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) induced carcinogenic rats. EC provoked by intravaginal detention of MNNG (150 mg/kg b.w. for 90 days), lead to enhancement of the levels of TBARS, LOOH, cytochrome P450, and decrement in the levels of antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, vitamins C and E) and upregulated expression of MMP-2 and 9 and cyclin D1 (by western blot analysis). The treatment of vanillic acid (100 mg/kg b.w.) to MNNG treated rats (1) normalized the histopathological alterations, (2) reduced the levels of TBARS, LOOH and cytochrome P450 (3) increased the levels of antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, vitamins C and E) in plasma and uterus and (4) down regulated the expression of MMP-2, 9 and cyclin D1. The effect of vanillic acid is more predominant in pre-treatment group than co-treated rats. Our results designate that vanillic acid inhibits the EC by elevating antioxidants and by regulating the levels of metalloproteinase and cell cycle check point protein.

The Effects and Mechanisms of Cyanidin-3-Glucoside and Its Phenolic Metabolites in Maintaining Intestinal Integrity

“…Recent studies have suggested that C3G potentially exerts functions primarily through C3G metabolites (C3G-Ms) [7], and more than 20 kinds of C3G-Ms have been identified in serum by a pharmacokinetics study in humans [8]. Although the function and mechanism of C3G-Ms are still not clear, protocatechuic acid (PCA) [9][10][11][12], phloroglucinaldehyde (PGA) [1], vanillic acid (VA) [13][14][15], ferulic acid (FA) [16][17][18][19], and their derivates represent the main bioactive metabolites of C3G due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Figure 1.…”

Red Beetroot and Betalains as Cancer Chemopreventative Agents

“…It also inhibited UV induction of NADPH oxidase activity [35]. Vanillic acid has been studied in a rat model of endometrial carcinoma [36]. The animals treated with vanillic acid showed normalization of the histopathological lesions.…”

Vanillic Acid in Endometrial Carcinoma: A Role for Nitric Oxide?

“…The recent article by Bhavani et al [1], reported that vanillic acid (VA) should prevent the effect of the carcinogen N-methyl-N 0 -nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG) on the induction of endometrial carcinoma in Albino female Wistar rats. The study showed that pre-treatment of animals with 100 mg/kg b.w of vanillic acid before the intra-vaginal introduction of 150 mg/0.2 ml olive oil (750 mg/ml) of MNNG, reduced by 70% the tumor incidence [1].…”

“…The recent article by Bhavani et al [1], reported that vanillic acid (VA) should prevent the effect of the carcinogen N-methyl-N 0 -nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG) on the induction of endometrial carcinoma in Albino female Wistar rats. The study showed that pre-treatment of animals with 100 mg/kg b.w of vanillic acid before the intra-vaginal introduction of 150 mg/0.2 ml olive oil (750 mg/ml) of MNNG, reduced by 70% the tumor incidence [1]. This reduction has to be most probably attributed to the effect of VA, as the protocol in which VA and MNNG were up-taken together by rats in the same experimental setting, did not succeed in reducing tumor incidence with the same extent [1].…”

“…The study showed that pre-treatment of animals with 100 mg/kg b.w of vanillic acid before the intra-vaginal introduction of 150 mg/0.2 ml olive oil (750 mg/ml) of MNNG, reduced by 70% the tumor incidence [1]. This reduction has to be most probably attributed to the effect of VA, as the protocol in which VA and MNNG were up-taken together by rats in the same experimental setting, did not succeed in reducing tumor incidence with the same extent [1]. The paper by Bhavani et al [1], showed that VA fundamentally affected the plasma level of some markers of the oxidative stress response, i.e.…”