Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in Malacca Strait through the Littoral States Cooperation

Abstract

Differences between the littoral states regarding the status of the Malacca Strait result in disharmony and inconsistencies in handling spatial planning and preventing marine pollution in the strait. International cooperation with user countries carried out so far is also not optimal due to conflict of interests. Using a normative juridical approach and secondary data of the provisions of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and the Declaration of the Three Strait States, the Malacca Strait is under the sovereignty of the littoral states and used for international navigation with transiting passage. Spatial planning in the Malacca Strait, which results in overlapping uses for cross-fishing vessels, conservation, and traditional fishing, cannot be performed because the problem of maritime boundary determination has not been resolved by the littoral states. Tripartite cooperation needs to continue to be built through agreements

The Role of the State in Providing Public Services for the Utilization of Marine Resources

“…Public services include services of public goods and public services as well as administrative services that are regulated in statutory regulations. The source of funding does not always come from the state budget, but also come from the availability based on the state mission as stipulated in the statutory regulations [7]. Thus, public service providers as regulated in Article 1 paragraph (2) state that the so-called administrators are any state administering institutions, corporations, independent institutions established by law for public service activities, and other legal entities established solely for public service activities [8].…”