Prevalent anatase crystalline phase increases the cytotoxicity of biphasic titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mammalian cells

Complex cytotoxicity mechanism of bundles formed from self-organised 1-D anodic TiO2 nanotubes layers

“…To provide further insights into the follow-up intracellular mechanisms underlying the cytotoxic activity of TNTs, we focused on their effect on redox homeostasis, which is one of the hallmarks of cytotoxicity of inorganic nanomaterials, including those of TiO2 origin. Indeed, we found an increased formation of free intracellular ROS and lipid peroxidation, corroborating the previously published studies [17,27,61]. In general, the excess in cellular levels of ROS causes an inevitable damage to the cellular structures and activates the signalling cascades leading to apoptosis [62].…”

“…In general, nanoscaled TiO2 have been considered as low toxicity material; however, our recent study revealed that small (diameter of ~6 nm) TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit inherent cytotoxicity for mammalian cells [17] and similar findings have been reported in a number of studies assessing cytotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles in distinct experimental models [18][19][20].…”

“…Active surface chemistry, crystalline phase composition or distinct catalytic activities of nanomaterials have a dramatic impact on the resulting cytotoxicity [17,67]. However, since both types of tested TNTs were prepared by the same anodization process, the influence of surface chemistry/crystallinity/differences in catalytic processes on higher cytotoxicity of TNTs-2 can be excluded.…”

“…Importantly, apart of direct cytotoxicity caused by formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), followed by DNA damage, TiO2 nanoparticles have been shown to induce epigenomic toxicity 4 [21] or to disrupt exocytosis by hindering membrane ion exchange [22]. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the cytotoxicity positively correlates with size (surface area) of TiO2 nanoparticles [23][24][25] and is also substantially affected by their crystalline phase [17,26] and surface chemistry/doping [27].…”

A Multifunctional Dental Resin Composite with Sr-N-Doped TiO2 and n-HA Fillers for Antibacterial and Mineralization Effects

“…The cytotoxicity test showed a high biosafety level of the DRCs in vitro, which provided the possibility of clinical use. On the other hand, it still remained to be seen whether the released ROS would disrupt the normal bacteria flora balance [ 69 ].…”