Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Psychological Effects of Primary Nocturnal Enuresis in Chinese Young Adults

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and effects of primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) on physical and mental health in young adults in mainland China.Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was used to collect information including the sociodemographic characteristics, history of PNE, family history, daytime voiding symptoms, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores, Self-Esteem Scale (SES), and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). A total of 22,500 university students from 23 provinces and 368 cities in mainland China were included.Results: In total, 21,082 questionnaires were collected, and 20,345 of them qualified for statistical analysis. The PNE prevalence was 1.17%, and the distribution of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) and nonmonosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (NMNE) was 66.1% and 33.9%, respectively. In total, 28% of respondents with PNE reported bedwetting daily, 31.6% between 1 and 7 times weekly, and 40.4% between 1 and 4 times monthly; 80% of PNE cases had no history of treatment. The prevalence of PNE in patients with a family history, frequency, urgency, urinary incontinence, and recurrent urinary tract infections was significantly higher than in those without these conditions (P<0.001). PNE was significantly correlated with the PSQI total score (sleep quality) (P=0.011). The SES score was lower and the SDS was higher (P<0.001) in the PNE group than in those without PNE.Conclusions: In mainland China, the PNE prevalence among young adults was found to be high, and PNE had significant effects on physical and mental health. Risk factors included a family history, daytime voiding symptoms, and lack of treatment.

Association of Nocturnal Enuresis and history of Breastffeeding in primary school children in Hilla city

“…This is in agreement with other studies (14,15,16). Regarding age , the study found that nocturnal enuresis declines with increasing age so that at age (6-8) years it was 56% , but at age (9-10) years it was 25.5% and at age (11)(12) years it was 18.5 % .The findings are in agreement with study by Ali (8) in Iraq and studies in Egypt (17,18) but in contrast with a study by Saudi Arabia research (2) .The later found nocturnal enuresis increasing with increase age Enuretic children in our study tend to live in urban areas (78%) which is in contrast to Hu et al in china (19) .This result may be explained by the fact that enuresis is considered a stigma in rural areas , preventing parents from seeking medical advice . In current study , the enuretic child's birth order shows nearly equal frequency which is in agreement with Saudi research (2) ,but is in contrast with Egyptian study (17) , birth order was a significant determinant of enuresis.…”

“…The implementation of toilet training is very important during children's development because it will shape the personality and discipline of children (20), The current study (79.6% )of enuretic children with exclusive breastfeeding , had adequate toilet training, while 52.3% of children with mixed or bottle feeding had adequate toilet training, and there was as a significant association between exclusive breast feeding and toilet training ( p<0.001), in agreement to a study in Indonesia (20) .The study found a significant association between toilet training and enuresis .There was significant association between the number of births and history of breastfeeding of enuretic children. There was no significant association between residency (urban and rural areas) and history of breastfeeding of enuresis children, which might be explained by the fact that the gap between living conditions in urban and rural areas has significantly decreased with economic development in the last years (19).…”

Physical activity, sleep quality and life satisfaction in adolescents: A cross-sectional survey study

“…This may be due to the fact that sleep is a basic physiological need of the human body, and good sleep quality can ensure that high school students maintain a better mental state in their daily study and life. At the same time, the influence of physical activity on the life satisfaction of high school students should also be considered [33]. The results show that there is a positive correlation between school day PA, weekend PA and life satisfaction of high school students, adolescents with higher levels of physical activity have higher life satisfaction, and through the consumption of energy and catharsis of emotions during participation in physical activity, not only can improve the physical problems of high school students, but also reduce the generation of bad emotions and enhance the positive perception of life status, thus increasing the life satisfaction of high school students.…”

Nocturnal enuresis in children: Parents' perspectives

“…Therefore, in the medical process, it is very important to understand the parents’ cognition and psychological pressure of the disease. However, at present, many studies have focused on the physical and mental health and social behaviour of children with NE (Hamed et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2021 ; Jönson Ring et al, 2017 ; Pavione Rodrigues Pereira et al, 2016 ; Salehi et al, 2016 ). In China, most of the current research focuses on the study of disease treatment (Q. Li et al, 2018 ; Wen, 2017 ; Xu et al, 2019 ), and few studies focus on the perception and psychology of parents of children with NE.…”