Prevalence, risk factors, and main characteristics of bruises in cattle: A meta-analysis in the American continent

Abstract

Bruises threaten the welfare of cattle because they cause pain, suffering, and stress during the pre-slaughter stage. Thus, we used meta-analyses to estimate the prevalence of carcass bruising in cattle from the American continent, determined the characteristics of the bruises, and calculated the odds ratio (OR) of risk factor categories associated with bruising. We searched electronic databases to retrieve primary studies conducted in the American continent, which reported cattle carcass bruising, analyzed the size, location, shape, and age of the bruises, and assessed risk factors for bruising. We included 46 studies from nine countries comprising 928 447 cattle carcasses with an overall prevalence of 59.5 % (95 % CI: 51.9 – 66-9) and 2.9 (range 3.4 – 7.4) bruises per carcass in average. The prevalence doubled from 30.7 % during 1991 – 2000 to 64.2 % during 2011 – 2020. Fresh, small-sized bruises of the lowest severity and located mainly in the hindquarter were highly prevalent (37.5 – 66.4 %). The removed meat due to bruising ranged 0.11 – 1.12 kg/carcass with an accumulated weight of condemned meat between 15.6 – 647 kg. Among intrinsic factors, older cattle, dairy cattle, and female cattle had greater odds of bruising (OR=1.57 – 1.98). For extrinsic factors, the odds for bruising increased 1.4 – 2.2 in cattle sourced from auction markets and exposed to poor handling, suboptimal transportation conditions, and deficient facilities. In cattle from America, bruises are a concern because their prevalence is growing and 60 % of cattle assessed in the studies suffered a bruise. Improving facilities and transportation conditions together with proper training of the personnel during the handling and transportation of the cattle will reduce bruising incidence.

Preslaughter factors affecting mobility, blood parameters, bruising, and muscle pH of finished beef cattle in the United States

“…Sex was an animal-related characteristic associated with carcass bruising, i.e., heifers had less bruising than steers. Other studies have identified sex as a risk factor for bruising ( Mendonça et al., 2018 ; Sánchez et al., 2022 ), although the findings are highly variable, and the reasons for this are unclear. Behavioral differences between different sex classes may explain the variation in bruise prevalence ( Kline et al., 2020 ).…”

“…This loss is attributed to overall reductions in carcass yield due to trimming, the devaluing of cuts affected by bruising, and the increased labor needed to trim bruises ( McNally and Warriss, 1996 ). Therefore, substantial work has been done to understand the risk factors associated with bruising to reduce its prevalence ( Kline et al., 2020 ; Sánchez et al., 2022 ; Zanardi et al., 2022 ). In the current study, the risk of carcass bruising was positively associated with lairage duration and is consistent with other work that found that bruising worsens with longer durations of lairage ( Warriss, 1990 ; Hoffman and Lühl, 2012 ).…”

Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Chlamydiosis in Small Ruminants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…To investigate potential causes of heterogeneity, we conducted a meta-regression analysis using a random-effects D-L model [24]. We created separate univariate models with continuous moderators (study-level covariates) including sample size (calculated as quintiles for each species), year of publication, latitude of study location, and number of diagnostic techniques used.…”