Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Impact of Isolated Antibody to Hepatitis B Core Antigen and Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in HIV-1–Infected Pregnant Women

Abstract

HIV-1-infected pregnant women with isolated anti-HBc and occult HBV infection have very low HBV DNA levels and are thus at very low risk to transmit HBV to their infants.

HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus co-infection in patients in the China National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program, 2010–12: a retrospective observational cohort study

“…However, this bias is somewhat balanced by missing the diagnosis of occult HBV infection (undetectable HBsAg in serum with the presence of HBV DNA), with proportions of occult HBV infection ranging from 3% to 11% in people with HIV. 43,44 Second, HCV diagnosis was based on antibodies, not RNA. With the high prevalence of interleukin 28B genotype CC in Asia, 45 patients who might have cleared the infections were included in the HCV group, overestimating the prevalence of HCV infection.…”

Occult hepatitis B virus co-infection in HIV-positive patients: A review of prevalence, diagnosis and clinical significance

“…Furthermore, the available data suggest seronegative patients have a different clinical evolution and should therefore be evaluated separately. Another factor that is common in HIV patients and that is known to affect [46] Iran 3 (13.6) 2 (9.1) ND 1 (4.5) Bagaglio et al [47] Italy 9 (31.0) 9 (31.0) ND ND Bell et al [48] Africa [51] Spain 6 (2.4) 2 (0.8) 4 (1.6) ND Filippini et al [13] Italy 17 (20.0) 11 (12.8) 3 (3.5) 3 (3.5) Firnhaber et al [23] Africa 38 (88.4) 38 (88.4) ND ND Gupta et al [30] India 24 (45.3) 13 (24.5) 11 (20.8) ND Hakeem et al [52] Scotland 2 (2.8) 2( 2.9) ND ND Jardim et al [19] Brazil 8 (5.0) 2 (1.3) 6 (3.8) ND Khamduang et al [35] Thailand 47 (23.5) 47 (23.5) ND ND Liang et al [53] Taiwan 3 (2.3) 3 (2.3) ND ND Lo Re et al [54] United States 17 (10.0) 10 (5.6) 7 (3.9) ND Loustaud-Ratti et al [55] France [24] Africa 51 (10.0) 51 (11.8) ND ND Neau et al [58] France 1 (0.6) 1 (0.6) ND ND Nebbia et al [59] England 48 (14.0) 48 (14.0) ND ND Opaleye et al [25] Nigeria 21 (11.2) 8 (4.3) 9 (4.8) 2 (1.1) Panigrahi et al [26] India 12 (10.7) 9 (8.0) 3 (2.7) ND Santos et al [20] Brazil 16 (15.8) 2 4 (4.0) 12 (11.9) ND Sen et al [27] India 1 (5.6) 2 1 (5.6) ND ND Shire et al [60] United States 4 (10.5) 4 (10.5) ND ND Shire et al [61] United States 12 (30.2) 3 (7.0) 5 1 (11.6) 5 (11.6) Sucupira et al [21] Brazil 6 (18.8) 2 3 (9.4) 3 (9.4) ND Torres Barranda et al [22] Mexico 7 (18.4) 1 (2.6) 1 (2.6) 5 (13.2) Tramuto et al [62] Italy 24 (5.9) 8 (2.0) 7 1 (1.7) 9 (2.2) Tsui et al [63] United States 8 (2.0) 8 (2.0) ND ND 1 In some studies the anti-HBsAg positive group was also included; 2 Prevalence calculated using the reported data; anti-HBsAg+, antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen positive; anti-HBcAg+ antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen positive. Prevalence (%) were included for each group of patients studied according the HBV serological markers (Anti-HBsAg-/anti-HBcAg+, Anti-HBsAg+/anti-HBcAg+, Anti-HBsAg-/anti-HBcAg-).…”

“…It was also possible to assess the levels of HBV DNA in 200 of these women with OBI; all 200 women had HBV DNA < 1000 IU/mL, with 153 showing HBV DNA below the limit of detection (15 IU/mL), 44 with an HBV DNA level between 15-100 IU/mL, and 3 showing HBV DNA between 101 and 1000 IU/mL. However, none of these women transmitted the disease to their infants [35] . Based on the available information, a group of experts in the United States has provided guidelines to manage pregnant women with HIV-HBV co-infection; the full guidelines have been published at the AidsInfo site of the National Institute of Health (http://aidsinfo.nih.…”

Family history of liver cancer may indicate chronic hepatitis B virus infection in an endemic area

“…Its prevalence rate may be as high as 7%-8% [2]. In Thai HIV-1 infected pregnant women, the prevalence of HBV infection was 7.2% [3]. After a universal HBV vaccination campaign in Thailand, which began in 1992, the carrier rate has been decreased to 3.48% of general population [1].…”