Prevalence, risk factors and cardiovascular comorbidity of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in Italy

The PADQOL: Development and validation of a PAD-specific quality of life questionnaire

“…This sample had risk factors and co-morbid conditions similar to the general PAD population described in other studies. 2,[28][29][30][31] A majority of patients had hypertension and dyslipidemia and were previous or current smokers, with a total tobacco burden ranging from 3 to 144 pack years. The lower leg ankle-brachial indices (ABI) ranged from 0.24 to 1.24.…”

Inflammation and peripheral arterial disease: The value of circulating biomarkers (Review)

“…Other conditions that promote a systemic inflammatory response and may predispose the arterial vessels of the lower limbs to atherosclerosis are infections and systemic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Whatever the inflammatory trigger, a large number of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have demonstrated a close link between inflammation and PAD (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32). Notably, each of the inflammatory molecules investigated in these studies is not simply a marker of inflammation but plays an active role in peripheral atherogenesis (46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53).…”

“…Inflammation plays a role in the initiation and progression of PAD, and in coronary artery disease (CAD) (23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32). There are several candidate inflammatory markers, including traditional risk factors that play a pro-atherogenic role, at least in part, through an inflammatory mechanism.…”

Masterclass series in peripheral arterial disease

“…6,[10][11][12] Yet this association and recommendations on treatment of hypertension in patients with PAD are rarely discussed in the literature. 1,13 It is estimated that of all hypertensives at presentation, 2-5% have claudication.…”