Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella from Commercial Broiler Farms in Two Important Poultry-Producing Regions of Colombia

Abstract

Salmonella is one of the most common foodborne pathogens associated with diarrheal disease in humans. Food animals, especially poultry, are important direct and indirect sources of human salmonellosis, and antimicrobial resistance is an emerging problem of public health concern. The use of antimicrobials benefits producers but contributes to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. As a step toward implementing the Colombian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, this study was conducted to establish the prevalence, distribution of serovars, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and risk factors for Salmonella on poultry farms in the two largest states of poultry production in Colombia. Salmonella was isolated from 41% of farms and 65% of the 315 chicken houses sampled. Salmonella Paratyphi B variant Java was the most prevalent serovar (76%), followed by Salmonella Heidelberg (23%). All Salmonella isolates were resistant to 2 to 15 of the antimicrobial drugs tested in this study. For Salmonella Paratyphi B variant Java, 34 drug resistance patterns were present. The predominant resistance pattern was ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftiofur, streptomycin, enrofloxacin, and nalidixic acid; this pattern was detected in 15% of isolates. The resistance pattern of tetracycline, ceftiofur, and nalidixic acid was found in over 40% of the isolates of Salmonella Heidelberg. Of the biosecurity practices considered, two factors were significantly associated with reduction in Salmonella: cleaning of fixed equipment and composting of dead birds on the farm. Findings from the present study provide scientific evidence to inform implementation of official policies that support new biosecurity legislation in an effort to decrease the prevalence of Salmonella on Colombian poultry farms.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella from Chicken Carcasses Marketed at Ibague, Colombia

“…A variety of Salmonella serovars resistant to multiple antibiotic classes were present in chicken meat samples and a high percentage (42.35%) of Salmonella showed multi-drug resistance (MDR) by the phenotypic method, among them, all S. Paratyphi B isolates and S. Heildelberg were resistant to 7 different classes of antibiotics, whereas S. Muenster and S. Typhimurium were resistant to 4 different classes of antibiotics. These results are similar to those reported in Salmonella Paratyphi B isolated from broiler farms in Cundinamarca and Santander, where this serovar was found to be resistant to up to 15 antimicrobials (range 9-15) (Donado-Godoy et al, 2012), of which resistance to NIT, SXT, TET, CIP and ENR can be identified as a common resistance pattern that is consistent at least in part with the usage of tetracycline, trimethoprim and quinolones in the regional poultry industry (based on author´s survey). Thus, the choice of fluoroquinolones in treatment of severe infections by Salmonella could be seriously impeded, as it has been noted by others (Ricke & Calo, 2015).…”

“…Salmonella Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium are the most widespread serovars and can be isolated from surface water, meat and poultry (Jokinen et al, 2015;Yang et al, 2010), and constitute the principal serovars responsible for human and animal disease (MPS, 2011;Stevens et al, 2009), however, our previous study reported that Salmonella Enteritidis was not isolated from chicken meat sold at stores and supermarkets of Ibague, and instead Salmonella Paratyphi B var Java was the most prevalent serovar (36.17%) followed by Hvittingfoss (19.15%), and Muenster (10.64%) (Rodriguez et al, 2015b). S. Paratyphi B variant Java (76.4%) and S. Heildelberg (22.7%) were the most prevalent serovars isolated from broiler farms in two distinct regions (Cundinamarca and Santander) of Colombia (Donado-Godoy et al, 2012), thus, this serovar might be distributed in broiler farms across the country and its potential association with natural outbreaks of paratyphoid disease reported by the National Institute of Health (INS, 2015), is worthy of investigation. S. Paratyphi B var Java has been isolated from poultry from Netherlands (Van Pelt et al, 2003) and Germany (Dorn et al, 2001), from chicken viscera at two slaughter plants in the state of Zulia, Venezuela (Boscan et al, 2005), from chicken in Belgium (De Jong et al, 2014), and from breeders and broiler farms in Bangladesh (Barua et al, 2013).…”

Virulence genotypes of clinical SalmonellaSerovars from broilers in Egypt

“…Controlling Salmonella in poultry is problematic, and it has relied historically on a combination of farm biosecurity and the use of antibiotics [10]. The indiscriminate and injudicious use of antibiotics is an important factor in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that subsequently can be transferred to humans through the food chain.…”

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Serovars of Salmonella Circulating in Commercial Poultry Carcasses and Poultry Products in Brazil

“…1) reflects the magnitude of the health risk (6,29). Although some classes of drugs have been banned from use in animal feed in Brazil, such as tetracyclines (18) and phenicols (19), during the study period, strains resistant to these drugs were still detected at prevalences of 17.5 and -4%, respectively.…”