Prevalence of the Third and Fourth Heart Sound in Asymptomatic Adults

Collins, Sean P.; Arand, Patricia; Lindsell, Christopher J.; Peacock, W. Frank; Storrow, Alan B.

doi:10.1111/j.1527-5299.2005.04326.x

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…This is consistent with the findings in human beings, where S4 is reported in a total of 15.6 per cent healthy subjects, but increasing age increased the odds of S4 being detected (Collins and others 2005). With ageing in human patients, the left ventricle is less able to relax and ventricular filling is more dependent on atrial contraction, which may explain this finding (Lewis and Maron 1992).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Assessment of cardiovascular disease in the donkey: clinical, echocardiographic and pathological observations

Roberts¹,

Dukes‐McEwan

2016

Veterinary Record

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The Donkey Sanctuary (DS) owns 3500-4000 donkeys, estimated to be about 35 per cent of the UK population. Although postmortem surveys suggest a high prevalence of cardiovascular disease in donkeys, there is sparse clinical information about cardiovascular examination findings and echocardiographic findings in health and disease. In this cross-sectional study, auscultation findings were recorded, and in a subset of donkeys, echocardiography was used to screen for structural and functional cardiac disease. 202 donkeys were examined; 117 geldings and 85 females. Heart sounds S1 and S2 were detected in all donkeys, but none had audible S3. S4 was detected in nine (4.5 per cent; significantly older than those without S4; P<0.001). A heart murmur was detected in four donkeys. Echocardiography identified these to be due to a ventricular septal defect in one, and aortic regurgitation in three. An additional 43 donkeys had echocardiography. A further 10 donkeys were identified to have aortic insufficiency, but no other valvular regurgitation. 76/202 donkeys subsequently underwent postmortem examination. Three showed degenerative aortic valve changes. One donkey had nodular lesions in the intima of proximal aorta and sinus of Valsalva. Histopathology showed multifocal chronic nodular eosinophilic arteritis, consistent with verminous arteritis. The DS pathology database identified other similar cases.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Assessment of cardiovascular disease in the donkey: clinical, echocardiographic and pathological observations

Roberts¹,

Dukes‐McEwan

2016

Veterinary Record

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“…Prevalence of S3 is high in people less than 40 years of age and decreases thereafter, whereas prevalence of S4 increases with advanced age . Similarly, in this study, S3 more often had a higher intensity and persistence in younger horses compared to older ones.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Assessment of systolic and diastolic function in clinically healthy horses using ambulatory acoustic cardiography

Zuber

Züber

Schwarzwald

2018

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Overnight Audicor recordings are feasible in horses. Combining ambulatory ECG and phonocardiography allows noninvasive, continuous assessment of variables representing systolic and diastolic cardiac function. ECG rhythm analyses require over-reading by a specialist, but acoustic cardiography variables are based on automated algorithms independent of examiner input. Further studies are required to establish the clinical value of acoustic cardiography in horses.

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“…Using previously collected data from a cross‐sectional sample, Collins et al 16 determined the prevalence of the S 3 (Figure 2). Using these same recordings, the normal ranges of STIs using the AUDICOR system were calculated.…”

Section: Prevalence and Normal Rangesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemodynamic Correlates of the Third Heart Sound and Systolic Time Intervals

Shah

Michaels

2006

Congestive Heart Failure

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Bedside diagnostic tools remain important in the care of patients with heart failure. Over the past two centuries, cardiac auscultation and phonocardiography have been essential in understanding cardiac pathophysiology and caring for patients with heart disease. Diastolic heart sounds (S3 and S4) and systolic time intervals have been particularly useful in this regard. Unfortunately, auscultation skills have declined considerably, and systolic time intervals have traditionally required carotid pulse tracings. Newer technology allows the automated detection of heart sounds and measurement of systolic time intervals in a simple, inexpensive, noninvasive system. Using the newer system, the authors present data on the hemodynamic correlates of the S3 and abnormal systolic time intervals. These data serve as the foundation for using the system to better understand the test characteristics and pathophysiology of the S3 and systolic time intervals, and help to define their use in improving the bedside diagnosis and management of patients with heart failure.

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Prevalence of the Third and Fourth Heart Sound in Asymptomatic Adults

Cited by 20 publications

References 21 publications

Assessment of cardiovascular disease in the donkey: clinical, echocardiographic and pathological observations

Assessment of cardiovascular disease in the donkey: clinical, echocardiographic and pathological observations

Assessment of systolic and diastolic function in clinically healthy horses using ambulatory acoustic cardiography

Hemodynamic Correlates of the Third Heart Sound and Systolic Time Intervals

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