Prevalence of the developmental defects of the enamel in children aged 12—15 years in Kollam district

Abstract

Aim and Objectives:To determine the prevalence of developmental defects of enamel in children aged 12–15 years in Kollam district and to examine the etiological factors associated with the developmental defects of the enamel (DDE).Materials and Methods:A total of 2,500 children from 10 urban and 10 rural schools were examined using modified DDE criteria for recording enamel defects. Ten index permanent teeth were screened for the DDE.Results:The overall prevalence of the DDE was found to be 32% and the prevalence is higher in urban schools (34.3%) compared to rural schools (29.6%). The most common tooth affected by the defect was maxillary right lateral incisor (P = 28.6%) and the tooth least affected was maxillary right first premolar (P = 3%). The most common deformity was demarcated opacities (P = 28.76%) and the least common deformity was combination of diffuse opacities and hypoplasia and combination of demarcated, diffuse opacities, and hypoplasia (P = 0%). There was a very high significant association between DDE and the mothers’ pregnancy age, illness during pregnancy for mother, medication taken during pregnancy by mother, prematurity of birth, intubation done during prematurity, birth weight, systemic illness during the first 5 years of life, intake of drugs or chemicals during the first 5 years of life, nutritional status, and trauma or infection on deciduous teeth and dental caries.Conclusions:The study population showed a prevalence of 32% and very high significant association between perinatal, natal, and postnatal etiological factors. It indicates the need for educating the population about the risk factors for the DDE.

Relationship between preterm birth and developmental defects of enamel: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…17 A single study analysed DDE of the first molar. 13 Eighty-per cent of included studies described the prevalence of DDE (n = 16) [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]21,[25][26][27][28] whereas four articles 20,22,24 reported on the prevalence of MIH.…”

“…The most used indices for DDE and MIH were the modified DDE index (n = 8) 10,[12][13][14]21,25,26,28 and MIH index of EAPD (n = 5), 15,20,[22][23][24] respectively. The other index used to describe DDE was the DDE index (n = 6).…”

“…As shown in the Table 4, 20% of the studies (n = 5) presented a high risk of bias with a NOS score of 4 stars. 12,16,18,25,27 However, the majority of the included studies were of high quality with a NOS score ranging from 6 to 9. [9][10][11][13][14][15][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]26,28 The Trim and Fill analysis showed 3 asymmetrical studies; this outcome can also be visually observed using the funnel plot in Figure 2.…”

Enamel defects and tooth eruption disturbances in children with sickle cell anemia

“…In the district of Kollam, India, 32.0% of healthy children had DDE, and the defects were more common in marked opacity. 25 The prevalence of DDE in Granada, in the Spanish province, was 52.0%, with some form of defect affecting 8.3% of permanent teeth, among which marked opacity and hypoplasia were the most prevalent and the least prevalent types of DDE, respectively. 26 On the other hand, a study carried out among children in Romania showed a low prevalence of DDE (9.8%), with the highest incidence observed for diffuse opacities, followed by marked opacities.…”

“…Note that epidemiological studies on the prevalence of DDE exh ibit a wide ra nge of variability, which may be explained by the specific characteristics and method adopted in the study such as indices used and the criteria used in the examination. 25 The prevalence of DDE in permanent teeth is highly variable depending on the types of defects and on the characteristics of the study population. A multitude of etiologic factors and types of pediatric populations, in addition to variable concentrations of fluoride in water, are accountable for this wide variability.…”