Prevalence of teat end hyperkeratosis in lactating dairy cattle and their association with animal variables

Haverkamp, H.; Paduch, Jan-Hendrik; Klocke, Doris; Hoedemaker, Martina; Krömker, Volker

doi:10.25125/agriculture-journal-ijoear-sep-2017-17

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…On the contrary, activated keratinocytes have different proteins (K6, K16) in their suprabasal layer associated with hyperproliferation and receptors for infiltrated immune cells. Research suggests that the risk of development of hyperkeratosis increases with lactation number, more days in milk, and teat end shape and size (Neijenhuis et al, 2000;Haverkamp et al, 2017). In both studies the most frequent teat end shape was round, however, the hyperkeratosis score regarding teat end shape differed.…”

Section: Influence Of Machine Milking On Teat Conditionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…In both studies the most frequent teat end shape was round, however, the hyperkeratosis score regarding teat end shape differed. Haverkamp et al (2017) showed a higher hyperkeratosis score with round teat end, while Neijenhuis et al (2000) suggest that pointed teats are more likely to develop hyperkeratosis. A possible explanation for the different observations may lie in different breeds or milking machine settings.…”

Section: Influence Of Machine Milking On Teat Conditionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Review: Milking machine settings, teat condition and milking efficiency in dairy cows

Odorčić

Rasmussen

Paulrud

et al. 2019

Animal

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Because of technical limitations, an impact of machine milking on the teat tissue cannot be avoided. The continuance of this impact during and after milking depends on a variety of factors related to the physiological regulation of milk ejection, as well as the different production systems and milking machine settings. Milking machine settings aim to achieve a high milking performance, that is, short machine-on time at a maximum of milk harvest. However, a high milking performance level is often related to an impact on the teat tissue caused by vacuum or liner compression that can lead to pathological dimensions of congestion of the tissue or hyperkeratosis as a long-term effect. Toward the end of milking a decrease of milk flow rate causes a raise of mouthpiece and teat end vacuum levels and hence an increase of the impact on the teat tissue and the risk of tissue damage. The mechanical stress by the milking machine activates a cascade of cellular mechanisms that lead to an excessive keratin growth and thickening of the keratin layer. Consequently, a complete closure of the teat canal is disabled and the risk of bacterial invasion and intramammary infection increases. Another consequence of high vacuum impact is fluid accumulation and congestion in the tissue of teat tip and teat basis because of an obstruction in venous return. The present review paper provides an overview of the available scientific information to describe the interaction between different levels and types of system vacuum, mouthpiece chamber vacuum, teat end (claw) vacuum, liner pressure, and the risk of short-term and long-term impacts on the teat tissue.

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Section: Influence Of Machine Milking On Teat Conditionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Influence Of Machine Milking On Teat Conditionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Review: Milking machine settings, teat condition and milking efficiency in dairy cows

Odorčić

Rasmussen

Paulrud

et al. 2019

Animal

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“…Every single teat was assessed regarding shape of the entire teat (normal versus others), teat end (normal versus others), height above the ankle (higher versus same height versus lower), length and diameter one centimetre above the apex. The reference values for the teat length and teat diameter were those recorded by Haverkamp et al [26]. Teat injuries were also noted.…”

Section: Examination Of the Uddermentioning

confidence: 86%

Effects of Suckling on the Udder Health of Foster Cows

et al. 2021

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In a foster cow system, one or more calves are reared by a foster cow. With regard to the growing rejection towards the early separation of cow and calf after calving, such alternative rearing methods with prolonged cow–calf contact are coming more into focus. Nevertheless, there is a lack of recent studies investigating the effects of suckling multiple calves on the udder health of a foster cow. The present study aimed to initially describe the status and development of the udder condition and the microbial colonisation during the foster period. Thereby, the objectives were to determine whether suckling multiple calves was associated with an increase in intramammary infections (IMI) and a deterioration of udder constitution. A total of 99 Holstein Friesian foster cows from a large organic dairy farm in eastern Germany were included in this pilot study. Each foster cow was suckled by 3–4 calves and not additionally milked. Quarter milk samples were taken for cytomicrobiological examination at the beginning and end of the approximately 3.5 months suckling period. At the same time, the udders of 91 of these foster cows were clinically examined by visual assessment and manual palpation. In both the first and second examination (E1 and E2, respectively), Corynebacterium ssp. and non-aureus staphylococci (NaS) constituted the most frequently detected pathogen species in the 385 examined udder quarters. Classifying the quarters into mastitis categories was significantly different between the two examinations (p = 0.001). The number of quarters considered as healthy increased from E1 to E2 by 8.5%. At the same time, the number of quarters with mastitis decreased by 2.6%, the number of quarters with non-specific mastitis by 11.4% and the number of quarters with a latent infection increased by 5.4%. In total, 69.4% of the 121 infected udder quarters in E1 were bacteriologically cured in E2. A cytological cure was achieved in 28.1% of the 385 quarters. Both the bacteriological and cytological cure rate were spontaneous. A new infection occurred in 23.1% of the 385 examined udder quarters and was mainly attributable to infections with Corynebacterium spp. and NaS. During the suckling period, mainly new infections occurred and amounted to 73% in relation to presumed persistent infections (18.9%). The new infections were mainly attributable to infections with Corynebacterium spp. and NaS. Pasteurella spp. were also found in high percentages. A total of 10.1% of the quarters showed an increase in somatic cell count (SCC) above the threshold of 100,000 cells/mL from E1 to E2, indicating a new subclinical mastitis. Regarding udder condition, significant changes during the foster period were an increase in udder skin and teat lesions, a decrease in udder oedema, an increased amount of udder quarters with a consistency considered as normal and an increase in the number of udders showing no sign of udder cleft dermatitis. Moreover, teat length, circumference, and diameter increased significantly (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there is a possibility that suckling multiple calves improves udder health in terms of mastitis but leads to an increased pathogen transmission at the same time, resulting in an increase in latent infections. Additionally, pathogens as Pasteurella spp., which are usually located in the upper respiratory system, could be detected in the mammary gland. The changes concerning the udder condition were manifold. However, it has not yet been conclusively clarified whether all these changes are exclusively due to calf suckling. Further investigations with a non-suckled control group are required.

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Prevalence of teat end hyperkeratosis in lactating dairy cattle and their association with animal variables

Cited by 2 publications

References 19 publications

Review: Milking machine settings, teat condition and milking efficiency in dairy cows

Review: Milking machine settings, teat condition and milking efficiency in dairy cows

Effects of Suckling on the Udder Health of Foster Cows

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