Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni–Salmonella coinfection among patients in southern Ethiopia

Abstract

Concurrent infection with Schistosoma mansoni and Salmonella species is not uncommon in the endemic area of sub-Saharan Africa, although its prevalence may have regional variations. We discuss such coinfection and associated factors in an Ethiopian context. We assessed the prevalence of S. mansoni and Salmonella coinfections among patients attending two hospitals in southern Ethiopia. A facility-based cross-sectional study was carried out between 1 October and 30 November 2019. In total 271 participants with gastrointestinal complaints were selected through a systematic sampling technique. S. mansoni was detected using direct microscopy and formalin–ether concentration techniques, whereas Salmonella was identified by conventional culture methods and the Widal test. Antibiotic susceptibility test for Salmonella isolates was performed. The prevalence rates of S. mansoni and Salmonella infections were 17.30% and 7.70% respectively. The prevalence of S. mansoni – Salmonella coinfection was 7.7%. Of the factors analysed in connection with coinfection, male sex, age and frequency of exposure to contaminated water bodies were found to be statistically significant. S. mansoni – Salmonella coinfections pose a grave health problem in the study area, especially among children. Our conclusions can be used by the medical community to frame and implement intervention strategies for the management of S. mansoni – Salmonella coinfections.

Pathogenicity of Salmonella During Schistosoma-Salmonella Co-infections and the Importance of the Gut Microbiota

“…This is most likely due to inverse immune polarization To elucidate the mechanism(s) of the parasite-parasite interaction of S. Typhimurium LT2 on the surface of Schistosoma mansoni , S. haematobium and S. japonicum [ 53 ] 100% association of the ga/E and fla mutants with male schistosomes, but a reduced interaction with female worms Reduction in the rough A and pilimutants’ ability to associate with both male and female S. mansoni Pili function in adhesion of Salmonella to the surface tegument of S. mansoni and S. haematobium Persistence of Salmonella infection may due to the association with Salmonella spp. Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis intestinal carriage and S. mansoni infection using multi-locus variable-numbers tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) [ 6 ] The proportion of Salmonella carriage is higher among S. mansoni infected participants and even higher in those showing fever Salmonella intestinal carriage was associated with a heavy intensity of S. mansoni infection Pilus-negative and a pilus-producing transductant strain of S. Typhimurium in an in vitro system [ 3 ] The association of S. Typhimurium to the surface tegument of Schistosoma The Schistosoma helminths provide a multiplication focus for these bacteria in the portal mesenteric system, with a persisting bacteremia Pili are the ligands for bacterial adherence to the schistosome surface tegument. Prolonged salmonellosis in Schistosome -infected patients is due to an association of Salmonella spp.…”

“…With respect to in vitro study, novel antibiotic protection assay of antibiotic-sensitive, Salmonella strains are ought to be developed, incubated with a known concentration of effective therapeutic proven antibiotic. In sense, the lethal dose should be 100% effective to eliminate Salmonella strains in the void of concurrent Salmonella infections [ 3 ].The study of co-infections involving Schistosoma and Salmonella should be based on model that will explain a wholesome range of parameters. Study of the mucosal cell gene expression, innate and adaptive mucosal immune responses, the virulence expressed by the pathogens involved, microbiota gene expression and the genetic profiling of the host will confer clear explanation to the homeostasis [ 37 ].…”

“…In a bid to treat patients infected with Schistosomiasis, anthelmintic praziquantel (PZQ) is a common therapeutic drug. However, dysbiosis seems an effect associate with this Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis intestinal carriage and S. mansoni infection using multi-locus variable-numbers tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) [6] The proportion of Salmonella carriage is higher among S. mansoni infected participants and even higher in those showing fever Salmonella intestinal carriage was associated with a heavy intensity of S. mansoni infection Pilus-negative and a pilus-producing transductant strain of S. Typhimurium in an in vitro system [3] The association of S. Typhimurium to the surface tegument of…”

“…Co-infections with Schistosoma and Salmonella confound the clinical picture of both diseases. Evidence emerging from in vitro [ 3 , 4 ], animal model experiment [ 5 ] and clinical observations [ 6 ] regarding the symbiotic relationship existing between Schistosoma and Salmonella showed efficacy in the drug administered for treatment is only optimal when concurrent anti-Schistosomal therapy is administered. Although number of studies centred on the study of the concurrent Schistosoma - Salmonella infections, their complicated mechanisms where bacteria adhere to the adult Schistosomes present in the mesenteric vasculature require further research [ 3 ].…”

“…Evidence emerging from in vitro [ 3 , 4 ], animal model experiment [ 5 ] and clinical observations [ 6 ] regarding the symbiotic relationship existing between Schistosoma and Salmonella showed efficacy in the drug administered for treatment is only optimal when concurrent anti-Schistosomal therapy is administered. Although number of studies centred on the study of the concurrent Schistosoma - Salmonella infections, their complicated mechanisms where bacteria adhere to the adult Schistosomes present in the mesenteric vasculature require further research [ 3 ]. The pathogenicity of S. mansoni , alteration in host gut microbiota, and the evolution of drug resistance in concurrent Schistosoma - Salmonella infections in vitro and in vivo is yet to shed light on the pathogenicity of the two pathogens that might give rise to the evolution of antibacterial drug resistance [ 7 ].…”