Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium and Intestinal Helminth Infections among Nigerian School Children

Tolulope, Alade; Ta‐Tang, Thuy‐Huong; Nassar, Sulaiman Adebayo; Akindele, Akeem Abiodun; Capote-Morales, Raquel; Omobami, Tosin Blessing; Berzosa, Pedro

doi:10.3390/diagnostics13040759

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…It's important to note that In Nigeria, schistosomiasis is caused by two main species: Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni [13]. It may also be caused by Schistosoma margrebowiei, although such cases appear to be rarer [14].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Crespo Scale: Categorising 'Dangerous' Animal Species with Two Quantifiable Factors

Crespo

2024

AJRiZ

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Throughout our history, humanity and the kingdom Animalia have been in conflicts with both sides sharing countless casualties as the outcome. Among animals, adult female mosquitoes of the Anopheles genus are infamously labelled the deadliest to humans in terms of the number of deaths they cause each year. In this scientific paper, an analysis is given over what other direct and indirect factors can be considered when classifying a species of animal as 'dangerous'. It discusses and concludes exactly why they make it more of a danger to human health and safety than others. This is done utilising a brand-new, categoric scale — which has been dubbed the "Crespo scale" — created and designed to categorise all animal species from categories 1–5. One posing the least danger and five the most. The categorisation is performed by examining factors relevant to the animals themselves, which include the estimated Population Size (PS) and Mortality Rate (MR). The hypothesis is that species possessing a larger PS and a higher MR will be placed further up on the scale and thus are more likely to be a threat. Ultimately, both PS and MR are quantifiable factors that can be used to measure and categorise a species' level of danger in a less biased and more accurate, consistent way. However, the factor of MR can often be indirectly influenced by human-related factors that apply to the human development of a country and its general populace.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Crespo Scale: Categorising 'Dangerous' Animal Species with Two Quantifiable Factors

Crespo

2024

AJRiZ

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“…It was however lower than the 8.0% among school children in Osun At any age, coming into contact with fresh water harbouring cercariae can lead to Schistosoma infection [1]. However, School-aged-children (SAC) which are usually under 14 years of age are known to be the most vulnerable groups for schistosomiasis [26,21,19,4,24] because they are more likely to engage in activities that may expose them to contaminated fresh water sources, including playing in infested water, swimming, washing etc [25,22]. This may likely explain why intestinal schistosomiasis was found with the highest prevalence among participants aged ≤14 years (20.0%) compared to other age groups in this study (Table 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscopic and Molecular Diagnosis of Intestinal Schistosomiasis among Patients in Primary Healthcare Centres in Keffi, Nigeria

Edward,

Ishaleku,

Ibrahim

et al. 2024

IJPR

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Aims: This study was conducted to detect Schistosoma mansoni among patients in primary healthcare centres in Keffi, Nigeria using microscopic and molecular techniques. Study Design: The study was a cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Keffi, Nasarawa State, between March 2021 and September 2021. Methodology: Stool samples were collected from 200 (29 each from Gidan Zakara, Sabon Gida, Jigwada, Angwan Jaba and 28 each from Kowa, Kaibo Mada and Yarkadai PHCs) patients and information were obtained by structured questionnaires. The ova of S. mansoni were microscopically detected from the samples using the formol ether stool sedimentation technique. The S. mansoni DNA was extracted from the samples and detected by conventional PCR technique using type-specific primers. Data collected were analysed using Smith’s Statistical Package (version 2.8, California, USA) and P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 200 patients screened, 2(1.0%) and 11(5.5%) were positive for intestinal schistosomiasis using microscopy and PCR respectively. Although age, gender and occupation of the patients were not significantly associated with the parasitic infection (P>0.05), however, higher prevalence was recorded among males (12.8%) pupils/students (22.7%) aged ≤14 (20.0%). Conclusion: Our findings indicated a notable discrepancy between the two diagnostic methods, with PCR identifying a higher prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis suggesting it to be a more sensitive tool for detecting this infection. However, the choice between these methods should consider their respective strengths and limitations, as well as the practical implications for disease control and treatment.

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“…Every year, hundreds of articles are published on schistosomiasis. Table 2 summarizes the recently reported prevalence of UGS in SSA that was indexed in PubMed [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ,…”

Section: Recent Status Of Ugs In Sub-saharan Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown in Table 2 , most surveys screened SAC following WHO recommendations, which is a cost-effective approach and well reflects endemicity in the surveyed locality [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ,…”

Section: Recent Status Of Ugs In Sub-saharan Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Recent Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa and Diagnostic Challenges in the Field Setting

Hong

2023

Life

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Human schistosomiasis is one of neglected tropical diseases that remain highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Human schistosomiasis is mainly caused by two species, Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, leading to urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis, respectively. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel as the primary method of global intervention. Currently, MDA with praziquantel covers over half of the target population in endemic SSA countries. However, an accurate diagnosis is crucial for monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of MDA. The standard diagnosis of both urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis relies on the microscopic identification of eggs. However, the diagnostic sensitivity of this approach is low, especially for light or ultra-light infections. This is because Schistosoma eggs are laid inside of the venous plexus of the urinary bladder or mesenteric vein, where the adult flukes live. Approximately half of the eggs circulate in the blood vessels or are packed in neighboring tissues, while the remaining half are expelled into the lumen of the urinary bladder or intestine intermittently when the blood vessels are ruptured. In the field setting, the accuracy of any diagnostic method is critical for proper management of the intervention. The present article reviews the recent prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis in SSA and highlights the practical limitations of diagnostic methods such as urine microscopy, urine reagent strips, molecular diagnosis, and ultrasound scanning in the field setting. Despite continuous global efforts to eliminate schistosomiasis over the past 20 years, many areas still remain endemic in SSA. No single diagnostic approach achieves acceptable sensitivity and specificity in the field setting. Therefore, any field survey should employ a combination of these methods based on the purpose of the study to accurately monitor and evaluate urogenital schistosomiasis. Based on diagnostic values and a cost–benefit analysis, a urine reagent strip test can replace urine microscopy in the field setting. The WHO criteria by ultrasound diagnosis should be updated including the echogenic snow sign and contour distortion.

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Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium and Intestinal Helminth Infections among Nigerian School Children

Cited by 8 publications

References 19 publications

The Crespo Scale: Categorising 'Dangerous' Animal Species with Two Quantifiable Factors

The Crespo Scale: Categorising 'Dangerous' Animal Species with Two Quantifiable Factors

Microscopic and Molecular Diagnosis of Intestinal Schistosomiasis among Patients in Primary Healthcare Centres in Keffi, Nigeria

Review of Recent Prevalence of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa and Diagnostic Challenges in the Field Setting

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