Prevalence of Salmonella contamination in consumed eggs in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis study on published studies from 1996 to 2018

Hosseininezhad, Behnam; Berizi, Enayat; Nader, Marzieh; Mazloomi, Seyed Mohammad; Hosseinzadeh, Saeid; Ebrahimi, Laya; Zare, Morteza

doi:10.14202/vetworld.2020.2743-2751

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Previous studies from various cities in Iran have reported higher Salmonella contamination rates in commercial and backyard eggshells compared to our findings; for example, in Khorramabad city, 0%; in Talash city, 19% and 4%; and in Mashhad city, 22.5% and 39%, respectively (Hosseininezhad et al, 2020). However, one study in Zanjan, Iran, found no Salmonella contamination in commercial eggs (Karimiazar et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

“…Additionally, 27.0% of S. enteritidis isolates were multidrug-resistant (Bahramianfard et al, 2021). Another study in Iran found S. enteritidis to be the predominant serotype contaminating eggs (Hosseininezhad et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, 27.0% of S. enteritidis isolates were multidrug‐resistant (Bahramianfard et al., 2021 ). Another study in Iran found S. enteritidis to be the predominant serotype contaminating eggs (Hosseininezhad et al., 2020 ). The prevalence of Salmonella contamination was 3% in locally supplied eggs in Tabriz, whereas industrial and breeder eggs appeared safer (Danesh Ghohar et al., 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium isolated from hen eggs and quail eggs in Karaj, Iran

Yousefi Amin,

Oshaghi,

Habibi

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background and aimDifferent Salmonella serotypes are considered one of the most important food pathogens in the world. Poultry meat and eggs are the primary carriers of Salmonella in human populations. This study aimed to estimate the Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium contamination rates of retail hen and quail eggs in Karaj, Iran. Moreover, the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the strains were evaluated, and the efficiency of the standard culture method and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m‐PCR) were compared.Materials and methodsIn this descriptive cross‐sectional study over 1 year (Jan–Dec 2022), 150 commercial and 150 backyard hen eggs and 300 commercial quail eggs, without cracks and fractures, were collected randomly from best selling groceries in Karaj city. All samples were examined for Salmonella contamination independently by standard culture and m‐PCR approaches. A standard disc diffusion method was employed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains against 18 antimicrobial agents.ResultsOut of 300 examined eggs, 2 S. enteritidis strains were isolated from the shell of backyard hen eggs. The same serotype was also detected in the contents of one of these two eggs. One S. typhimurium was isolated from the shell of a commercial hen egg. Overall, the Salmonella contamination of the shell and contents was 1% and 0.3%, respectively. Salmonella was not isolated from the eggshells or the contents of the quail eggs. There was complete agreement between the results of m‐PCR and the standard culture methods. Among the 18 tested antibiotics, the highest resistance was recorded for colistin (100%), followed by nalidixic acid (75%).ConclusionAs most Salmonella spp. are associated with human food poisoning, continuous surveillance is required to effectively reduce the risk posed by contaminated poultry eggs. Furthermore, mandatory monitoring of antimicrobial use on Iranian poultry farms is recommended.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium isolated from hen eggs and quail eggs in Karaj, Iran

Yousefi Amin,

Oshaghi,

Habibi

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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“…This study's high Salmonella resistance rate to tetracycline may have been due to the frequent use or misuse of this drug in food-producing animals in Thailand [22,23]. In similar studies in Turkey [24,25] and Iran [26], Salmonella isolates were highly resistant to tetracycline in laying hens. This study showed 100% tetracycline, sulfonamide, and aminoglycoside residues in egg albumen samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Risk factors associated with Salmonella prevalence, its antibiotic resistance, and egg antibiotic residues in the layer farming environment

et al. 2022

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Background and Aim: Human salmonellosis with non-typhoidal Salmonella remains a global public health concern related to the consumption of contaminated eggs and egg-based products. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of Salmonella, antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella, and egg antibiotic residues concerning risk factors associated with Salmonella contamination in eggs, the layer farming environment, and laying hens kept in battery-cage closed-housing systems. Materials and Methods: This study used a repeated cross-sectional design to collect 488 samples from eggs, laying hens, and the farm environment on one laying farm for Salmonella detection according to ISO 6579:2002/AMD 1:2007. Salmonella-positive samples were further tested for serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk diffusion test. The layer farm contact person was interviewed at the sampling time to evaluate the risk factors associated with Salmonella contamination using logistic regression analysis. For each month, 24 eggs (144 eggs in total) were also randomly sampled from the collection egg area at the farm for antibiotic residue detection using the European Four Plate Test. Results: The highest Salmonella prevalence rates were in the samples from the layer pen floors, followed by the egg sizing machine (ESM) and eggshells at 65.5%, 52.5%, and 15%, respectively. Salmonella enterica serovar Corvallis was the dominant serovar (48.38%), followed by Mbandaka (37.76%), Braenderup (14.29%), and Typhimurium (4.08%). Rodent presence at the farm and the frequency of changing the disinfectant foot dip were significant factors related to Salmonella contamination on the pen floors (odds ratio [OR]=22.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.11-240.48, p=0.01; OR=24, 95% CI=2.78-206.96, p=0.004, respectively). Hand-washing before sorting and cleaning the ESM were the significant factors (OR=13, 95% CI=1.2-140.73, p=0.04). The most resistant Salmonella isolates were resistant to oxytetracycline. One isolate of S. enterica Typhimurium was resistant to cefotaxime, enrofloxacin, and oxytetracycline. The antibiotic residues in the egg yolks were streptomycin, enrofloxacin, and tetracycline at prevalence rates of 36.11%, 11.81%, and 7.64%, respectively. Streptomycin was the most abundant residue in the albumen and yolk, followed by tetracycline. Conclusion: Salmonella prevalence in layer farming with a closed-housing system is related to effective biosecurity and hygiene issues, such as rodent control, clean farm equipment, and good worker hygiene. In addition, eggs' antibiotic residues may be related to treating antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella isolates and medicated feed with inappropriate antibiotic withdrawal time.

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“…The PPE of Salmonella serovars was high in humans with 79.6%, animals with 61.6%, the environment with 56.5%, and the environment/animal with 43.2%. This is higher compared to a similar systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in Iran with 6.89% in animals [ 47 ], (6.6%) in humans in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) [ 20 ], and human (8.4%) in sub‐Saharan Africa [ 48 ]. The difference could be explained by microbiological diagnostic procedures employed, antibiotic resistance prevention and control practices, and differences in Salmonella serovars isolated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

One Health Perspective of Salmonella Serovars in South Africa Using Pooled Prevalence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Ramatla

Tawana

Onyiche

et al. 2022

International Journal of Microbiology

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Salmonella is a bacterium that is commonly associated with food-borne infections and is regarded as one of the most important pathogens in public health. Salmonella serovars, particularly Typhimurium and Enteritidis, which are widely distributed globally, mainly result in outbreaks commonly linked to the consumption of animal products. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting the prevalence of Salmonella serovars from one health perspective that included human, environmental, and animal samples in South Africa. PubMed, ScienceDirect, African Journals Online, and Scopus databases were used to conduct extensive searches of articles which were ultimately included or excluded following the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. According to the data obtained in this review, the overall pooled prevalence estimates (PPE) of Salmonella serovars detection were 79.6%, 61.6%, 56.5%, and 43.2% for human, environment, animal, and environment/animal samples in South Africa, respectively. The majority of the studies (50%) used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for the detection of Salmonella serovars, followed by culture methods (26.7%), while 20% used serotyping. The PPE for nontyphoidal Salmonellae (NTS) was 65.6% and 34.4% for Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, respectively. Our data further shows that 3 serovars, namely, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteriditis, and Salmonella Hadar, have been isolated from animals, humans, and the environment in South Africa. Our results highlight the ongoing spread of Salmonella spp. especially on animals which might end up infecting humans via direct contact with infected animals or eating infected animal products. This calls for deliberate “One Health” epidemiological studies in order to document information on the transmission between humans, animals, and the environment. This will ultimately result in the formulation of a consolidated salmonellosis control policy by the environmental, human, and veterinary health sectors.

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Prevalence of Salmonella contamination in consumed eggs in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis study on published studies from 1996 to 2018

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium isolated from hen eggs and quail eggs in Karaj, Iran

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium isolated from hen eggs and quail eggs in Karaj, Iran

Risk factors associated with Salmonella prevalence, its antibiotic resistance, and egg antibiotic residues in the layer farming environment

One Health Perspective of Salmonella Serovars in South Africa Using Pooled Prevalence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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