Prevalence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella among HIV/AIDS Patients and Poultry Chicken in Ekiti State

Oluyege, A. O.; Ojo-Bola, O.

doi:10.9734/bmrj/2015/14637

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…This finding suggests that the individuals remain at a higher risk for other coexistent life-threatening opportunistic infections and may present with the dual management considerations of comorbid conditions. A similar finding was reported in Ekiti State, Nigeria (12%),13 Mwanza, Tanzania (7.6%),24 and the National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan (6.7%) 14. But, it was higher than the findings reported from Dhaka, Bangladesh (0.2%)25 and Baltimore, USA (0.2%) 26.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The sample size was determined using a single population proportion formula considering the prevalence of NTS bacteremia (12%) in HIV-infected patients,13 95% confidence level, and a 5% margin of error. Including a 10% nonresponse rate, the final sample size was 178.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella has arisen across the globe as a consequence of widespread antibiotic consumption 2. Particularly, the resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents for the treatment of NTS bacteremia in developing countries, where there are limited health care facilities, is of major concern 3,12,13. The resistance often arises as a result of selective pressure antimicrobials because of overprescribing by health professionals for several health problems, patient self-medication, and noncompliance with recommended treatment 14,15…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia in HIV-positive individuals is recognized as an AIDS-related opportunistic infection16 and is therefore incorrectly diagnosed, unreported, or not sufficiently studied in developing countries 3,13,17. Information on NTS bacteremia in HIV-infected individuals is limited in Ethiopia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia in antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected individuals at three public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia: prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated factors

Mitiku

Weldegebreal

Marami

et al. 2019

HIV

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Background Nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteria have emerged as the prominent cause of severe and life-threatening bacteremia in HIV-infected patients. Antimicrobial resistance is another concern that adversely affects the health outcome of the patients. This study investigated the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates, and associated factors of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia among antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected adult individuals at three public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 170 antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected adult individuals in three public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia from June 2017 to June 2018. Data on sociodemographic and associated factors were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Blood specimens were examined for nontyphoidal Salmonella using the recommended culture and serological methods. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify the predictors of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia. A P -value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results The prevalence of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia was 10% (95% CI: 5.93–15.54). A lack of hand washing habit before food preparation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 13.1, 95% CI: 10.40–15.30) and a CD4 + count <200 cells/µL (AOR: 3.61, 95% CI: 1.74–5.25) were found to be significantly associated with nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia. Most isolates were sensitive to gentamycin (76.5%), ciprofloxacin (70.5%), and ceftriaxone (58.8%), but resistant to tetracycline (88.2%), chloramphenicol (76.5%), ampicillin (70.6%), and sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim (70.6%). Conclusion The prevalence of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia was high. HIV-infected patients who did not wash their hands before food preparation and those whose CD4 + count was <200 cells/µL had significantly higher odds of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia. Tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim should not be used for the treatment of nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia. The treatment needs to be supported by culture isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility tests.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia in antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected individuals at three public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia: prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated factors

Mitiku

Weldegebreal

Marami

et al. 2019

HIV

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“…Researches to ascertain the prevalence of NTS amongst people living with HIV/AIDS has been undertaken in the country. In Ekiti State, a study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between consumption of poultry products and prevalence of HIV /AIDS, with collection of 100 stool and 50 blood samples from a total of 150 HIV/AIDS patients attending Federal Medical Centre, Ido-Ekiti, and 50 faecal samples from broiler chickens for culture and identification of NTS as well as their antimicrobial susceptibilities and similarities (86). Eighteen NTS isolates were identified from the human with a prevalence of 12% while four NTS isolates were identified from poultry broiler-chicken with prevalence of 8%.…”

Section: Potential Challenges Of S Kentucky Nts To Hiv/aids Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella Kentucky: prevalence and challenges in Nigeria and the Africa continent

Igomu¹

2020

Af J Clin Exp Micro

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Salmonella Kentucky is ubiquitous in most African countries and the multidrug resistant (MDR) strains remain underreported across the continent. In Nigeria, poverty, inter country livestock trades, nomadic system of cattle production, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and prevalent immuno-compromising diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and tuberculosis are factors that have enabled ease of transmission and complications of S. Kentucky infections. In the present decade, S. Kentucky is reported to be the most prevalent serovar associated with poultry in Nigeria, but very few reports underline the risk associated with consumption of poultry and acquisition of MDR S. Kentucky strains. The Nigerian poultry is one of the most commercialized subsectors of Nigerian agriculture, therefore, the presence of S. Kentucky especially strains carrying broad spectrum antimicrobial resistance pose a great risk to public health. The lack of proper monitoring, surveillance, isolation and control of the multidrug resistant S. Kentucky will remain a challenge to the export potential of the Nigerian poultry subsector and livestock in general. As a nation, modalities and actions against the smuggling of poultry products, indiscriminate use of antibiotics and nomadic system for the production of dairy and beef that promotes spread of virulent strains of Salmonellae must change. The impact of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans in Nigeria also remains under studied and under reported, especially those caused by S. Kentucky ST198. Compounding these concerns is the lack of commercial veterinary or human vaccines against S. Kentucky or where vaccines against the broad serogroup C non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are available, they are rarely supplied, with no evidence they could be cross-protective. This review emphasizes the emergence and widespread occurrence of MDR S. Kentucky strains on the African continent, and discussed risk factors contributing to its spread in Nigeria and the potential public health challenge especially to high-risk immunocompromised individuals. Keywords: Salmonella Kentucky, ST198 strain, multidrug resistant, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Nigeria, Africa French Title: Salmonella Kentucky: prévalence et défis au Nigeria et sur le continent africain Salmonella Kentucky est omniprésente dans la plupart des pays africains et les souches multirésistantes (MDR) restent sous-déclarées à travers le continent. Au Nigéria, la pauvreté, les échanges de bétail entre pays, le système d'élevage nomade, l'utilisation aveugle d'antibiotiques et les maladies immunodéprimantes prévalentes telles que le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine/le syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise (VIH/SIDA) et la tuberculose sont des facteurs qui ont facilité la transmission et complications des infections à S. Kentucky. Au cours de la présente décennie, S. Kentucky serait le sérotype le plus répandu associé à la volaille au Nigéria, mais très peu de rapports soulignent le risque associé à la consommation de volaille et à l'acquisition de souches MDR S. Kentucky. La volaille nigériane est l'un des sous-secteurs les plus commercialisés de l'agriculture nigériane, par conséquent, la présence de S. Kentucky, en particulier les souches présentant une résistance antimicrobienne à large spectre, pose un grand risque pour la santé publique. L'absence de suivi, de surveillance, d'isolement et de contrôle adéquats du S. Kentucky multirésistant résistera toujours au défi du potentiel d'exportation du sous-secteur de la volaille nigérian et du bétail en général. En tant que nation, les modalités et les actions contre la contrebande de produits de volaille, l'utilisation aveugle d'antibiotiques et le système nomade pour la production de produits laitiers et de boeuf qui favorisent la propagation de souches virulentes de salmonelles doivent changer. L'impact de la salmonellose non typhoïde chez l'homme au Nigeria reste également sous-étudié et sous-signalé, en particulier ceux causés par S. Kentucky ST198. À ces inquiétudes s'ajoute le manque de vaccins commerciaux vétérinaires ou humains contre S. Kentucky ou là où des vaccins contre les Salmonella non typhoïde du sérogroupe C sont disponibles, ils sont rarement fournis, sans aucune preuve qu'ils pourraient être de protection croisée. Cette revue met l'accent sur l'émergence et la présence généralisée de souches MDR S. Kentucky sur le continent africain, et a discuté des facteurs de risque contribuant à sa propagation au Nigéria et du défi potentiel de santé publique en particulier pour les personnes immunodéprimées à haut risque. Mots-clés: Salmonella Kentucky, souche ST198, multirésistante, tuberculose, VIH/SIDA, Nigéria, Afrique

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Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in African food animals and meat: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Thomas

Glanville

Barker³

et al. 2020

International Journal of Food Microbiology

102

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Prevalence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella among HIV/AIDS Patients and Poultry Chicken in Ekiti State

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

<p>Nontyphoidal <em>Salmonella </em>bacteremia in antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected individuals at three public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia: prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated factors</p>

<p>Nontyphoidal <em>Salmonella </em>bacteremia in antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected individuals at three public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia: prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated factors</p>

Salmonella Kentucky: prevalence and challenges in Nigeria and the Africa continent

Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in African food animals and meat: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Prevalence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella among HIV/AIDS Patients and Poultry Chicken in Ekiti State

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

<p>Nontyphoidal <em>Salmonella </em>bacteremia in antiretroviral therapy-na&iuml;ve HIV-infected individuals at three public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia: prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated factors</p>

<p>Nontyphoidal <em>Salmonella </em>bacteremia in antiretroviral therapy-na&iuml;ve HIV-infected individuals at three public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia: prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated factors</p>

Salmonella Kentucky: prevalence and challenges in Nigeria and the Africa continent

Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in African food animals and meat: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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<p>Nontyphoidal <em>Salmonella </em>bacteremia in antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected individuals at three public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia: prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated factors</p>

<p>Nontyphoidal <em>Salmonella </em>bacteremia in antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected individuals at three public hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia: prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated factors</p>