Prevalence of Myopia in Schoolchildren in Ejina: The Gobi Desert Children Eye Study

Guo, Kai; Yang, Da Yong; Wang, Yan; Yang, Xian; Jing, Xin; Guo, Yuan; Zhu, Dan; You, Qi Sheng; Tao, Yong; Jonas, Jost B.

doi:10.1167/iovs.14-15737

Cited by 75 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This assumption is supported by results of a recent population-based study in which the prevalence of PDCA in children was considerably lower than the prevalence of pathologic myopia in adults. 21 It is also possible that there is no biomarker of later myopic pathology at the young age at all.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study group was compared with a control group formed by the Gobi Desert Children Eye Study (GobiD-CES) 21,22 : a cross-sectional, school-based study performed in the city oasis of Ejina in the Gobi desert. The ethics board of the Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Hohhot and the local administration of the School Board of Education of Ejina approved the study and informed written consent was obtained from the parents or guardians of all children.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parapapillary Diffuse Choroidal Atrophy in Children Is Associated With Extreme Thinning of Parapapillary Choroid

Yokoi

Zhu

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Parapapillary Diffuse Choroidal Atrophy in Children Is Associated With Extreme Thinning of Parapapillary Choroid

Yokoi

Zhu

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…Uncorrected refractive error is a common cause of vision impairment in children,2 with myopia being the most frequently seen refractive error, especially in East and Southeast Asian countries,3 such as Singapore, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and parts of mainland China 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Elsewhere in the world as in North America, Australia, Europe and Middle East, the prevalence of myopia is also on the rise but at a slower pace 16, 17, 18, 19.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is said that by 2050, nearly 10% of the global population will have high myopia with the prevalence being much higher in Asian countries 20. And indeed, prevalence of high myopia is already high in many parts of Asia9, 10, 11, 21, 22 and is one of the leading causes of vision impairment and blindness in adults 23, 24, 25. Thus there is an urgent need to understand the prevalence of vision impairment, myopia and high myopia and to set public health policies and strategies to manage the burden 26…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and methodology of the Shanghai child and adolescent large‐scale eye study (SCALE)

Zhao

Sankaridurg

et al. 2017

Clinical Exper Ophthalmology

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ImportanceNearly half of children suffering vision impairment reside in China with myopia accounting for the vast majority.BackgroundTo describe the design and methodology of the Shanghai Child and Adolescent Large‐scale Eye Study (SCALE).DesignThe SCALE was a city wide, school‐based, prospective survey.ParticipantsChildren and adolescents aged 4–14 years from kindergarten (middle and senior), primary schools and junior high schools of all 17 districts and counties of the city of Shanghai, China were examined in 2012–2013.MethodsEach enrolled child underwent vision assessment (distance visual acuity; uncorrected and with corrective device if worn) and their parent/carer completed a questionnaire designed to elicit risk factors associated with myopia. Additionally, non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and ocular axial length was measured in a subset of the larger sample.Main Outcome MeasuresPrevalence and the associated factors of vision impairment, myopia and high myopia in Shanghai.ResultsIn 2012–2013, a total of 910 245 of the eligible 1 196 763 children and adolescents identified from census (76%, mean age 9.0 ± 2.7 years [4–14 years]) were enrolled with visual acuity screened in the city of Shanghai. Of these, 610 952 children (67% of the entire sample) underwent non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and 219 188 (24% of the entire sample) had both non‐cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length measurements.Conclusions and RelevanceThe study results will provide insights on the burden of vision impairment, myopia and high myopia in children and adolescents in a metropolitan area of China, and contribute to the policies and strategies to address and limit the burden.

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Incidence of and Factors Associated With Myopia and High Myopia in Chinese Children, Based on Refraction Without Cycloplegia

et al. 2018

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IMPORTANCE Myopia has reached epidemic levels among children in regions of East and Southeast Asia. High myopia is associated with myopic macular degeneration, glaucoma, and retinal detachment.OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of myopia and high myopia based on refraction without cycloplegia among children in primary and junior high schools in China. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThis observational cohort study was completed in Guangzhou, China. It consisted of a cohort from 19 primary schools, who were followed up from 2010 to 2015, and a cohort from 22 junior high schools, who were followed up from 2010 to 2012. All schools were randomly chosen at rates proportional to the number of schools in each of the city's 11 districts. Students with or without myopia in grade 1 (primary school) or grade 7 (junior high school) were eligible for inclusion. Data analysis occurred from February 2017 to October 2017. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESMyopia was defined as a spherical equivalent refraction (SER) of −0.50 diopters (D) or less, as measured by subjective refraction without cycloplegia; high myopia was defined as a SER of −6.0 D or less. Annual incidences were defined as the proportion of participants each year found to have myopia or high myopia who did not previously have the condition. Height, weight, axial length (AL), corneal radius of curvature (CRC), and AL/CRC ratio were examined to assess if these measures were associated with future myopia or high myopia.RESULTS A total of 4741 students with or without myopia in either grade 1 for the primary school cohort (mean [SD] age 7.2 [0.4] years; 932 of 1975 [47.2%] female) or grade 7 for the junior high school cohort (mean [SD] age 13.2 [0.5] years; 1254 of 2670 [47.0%] female) were included. Baseline mean (SD) SER was 0.31 (0.86) D among 1975 students in grade 1 vs −1.60 (2.00) D among 2670 students in grade 7. Baseline prevalence of myopia was 12.0% in grade 1 students (n = 237 of 1969) and 67.4% in grade 7 students (n = 1795 of 2663). The incidence of myopia was 20% to 30% each year throughout both cohorts. The incidence of high myopia was initially less than 1% in the primary school cohort (grade 1: n = 2 of 1825; 0.1% [95% CI, 0.0%-0.3%]), but incidence exceeded 2% in the junior high school cohort (in grade 9: n = 48 of 2044; 2.3% [95% CI, 1.0%-3.7%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCEThe incidence of myopia among Chinese students based on refraction without cycloplegia is among the highest of any cultural or ethnic group. If confirmed with cycloplegic refraction, interventions to prevent myopia onset in Chinese populations should be initiated in primary schools.

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Prevalence of Myopia in Schoolchildren in Ejina: The Gobi Desert Children Eye Study

Cited by 75 publications

References 31 publications

Parapapillary Diffuse Choroidal Atrophy in Children Is Associated With Extreme Thinning of Parapapillary Choroid

Parapapillary Diffuse Choroidal Atrophy in Children Is Associated With Extreme Thinning of Parapapillary Choroid

Design and methodology of the Shanghai child and adolescent large‐scale eye study (SCALE)

Incidence of and Factors Associated With Myopia and High Myopia in Chinese Children, Based on Refraction Without Cycloplegia

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