Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Shrines

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in human beings and animals is concerning; it stands out as one of the leading agents causing nosocomial and community infections. Also, marginally increasing drug resistance in MRSA has limited therapeutic options. This study focuses on estimating the prevalence of MRSA in shrines, a place where human and animal interaction is frequent, sharing antibiotic-resistant bacteria, antibiotic-resistant genes, and diseases. A total of 120 environmental swabs were collected from targeted areas during the study period, March 2018 to May 2018. Staphylococcus aureus was identified by growth on mannitol salt agar (MSA), and MRSA by growth on mannitol salt agar containing 4 μg Oxacillin, Gram staining, and conventional biochemical test. Isolates of S. aureus were characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing using the disc diffusion method. MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) proportion were 19% and 81%, respectively; a high rate of MRSA was observed in isolates from Thapathali (28.6%). MSSA isolates showed a high rate of resistance to erythromycin (64.7%). MRSA isolates were resistant to gentamicin (50%), cotrimoxazole (25%), erythromycin (50%), and ciprofloxacin (25%). The isolates were susceptible to linezolid (100%), clindamycin (100%), ciprofloxacin (75%), erythromycin (50%), tetracycline (100%), and cotrimoxazole (75%). Intermediate resistance was also found in gentamicin (50%). Of the 11 MSSA isolates that were erythromycin resistant and clindamycin sensitive, 6 (54.5%) showed the inducible clindamycin resistance (ICR) pattern and 2 MRSA isolates that were erythromycin resistant and clindamycin sensitive showed ICR pattern. Fifteen MSSA isolates were β-lactamase positive, whereas only two MRSA isolates showed β-lactamase production. There exists a minimal research work on infectious diseases that are shared between primates and animals. This study suggests the pervasiveness of MRSA/MSSA in the shrines, which may be a primary place for pathogen exchange between humans and primates.

Antibiogram of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of animal origin from Chhattisgarh

“…Despite of frequent use of tetracycline in veterinary medicine, MRSA isolates sensitivity (76.92%) to tetracycline was comparatively higher as compared with beta-lactam, aminoglycoside and glycopeptides group of antibiotics. In agreement with present findings, Mausam et al (2017) [31] , Al-Zaidi and Al-Sulami (2013) [15] , Shah et al (2019) [18] and Arjyal et al (2020) [22] also observed increased and stable rate of sensitivity of MRSA isolates towards tetracycline. In contrast, Mohammed et al (2018) [32] found 41.3% MRSA isolates resistant to tetracycline.…”

“…The extended spectrum tetracyclines still appear to be a reasonable treatment option in areas where MRSA strains are susceptible to the tetracyclines. 92.31% of MRSA isolates were found sensitive to clindamycin which corresponds to the findings of Arjyal et al (2020) [22] who reported 100% sensitivity of MRSA isolates towards clindamycin. In line with present observation Selvabai et al (2017) [20] , Sharma et al (2017) [28] , Li et al (2017) [27] , Ahmad et al (2015) [19] , Al-Zaidi and Al-Sulami (2013) [15] and Kumar et al, (2011) [33] reported fairly similar rate of sesnistivity towards clindamycin.…”

“…53.85% isolates of MRSA were reported sensitive gentamicin during present study. More or less similar pattern of gentamicin sensitivity was observed by Al-Zaidi and Al-Sulami (2013) [15] , Ahmad et al (2015) [19] , Selvabai et al (2017) [20] , Krishnan et al (2019) [21] and Arjyal et al (2020) [22] . However Shah et al (2019) [18] reported increased sensitivity to gentamicin.…”

“…All the isolates were found sensitive to linezolid and imipenem. Likewise present study, Mahmood et al (2010) [23] , Goyal et al (2013) [24] , Li et al (2017) [27] , Sharma et al (2017) [28] , Selvabai et al (2017) [20] , Krishnan et al (2019) [21] and Arjyal et al (2020) [22] also reported 100% sesnisitivity of MRSA towards linezolid whereas 3.8% resistance was observed by Sonth et al (2015) [26] . Variable degree of resistance to imipenem was reported by Al-Zaidi and Al-Sulami (2013) [15] and Samra and Gadba (1993) [35] .…”

A Systemic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis Reporting the Prevalence and Impact of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection in India

“…2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most tenacious anti-microbial resistant pathogens reported in a range of infections, including the skin and wound infections, pneumonia, and bloodstream infections. 3,4 The emergence of MRSA through the acquisition of Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec ) was first identified in 1960. 2,5 The SCCmec carries the mecA gene that encodes the penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a), thereby acquiring resistance to all β-lactam antibiotics.…”