Prevalence of livestock-associated MRSA in broiler flocks and risk factors for slaughterhouse personnel in The Netherlands

Mulders, Mick N.; Haenen, Anja; Geenen, P.L.; Vesseur, P.C.; Poldervaart, E.S.; Bosch, Thijs; Huijsdens, Xander W.; Hengeveld, Paul; Dam-Deisz, W.D.C.; Graat, E.A.M.; Mevius, Dik; Voß, Andreas; Giessen, A.W. van de

doi:10.1017/s0950268810000075

Cited by 163 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This study demonstrated that ST9 MRSA is the major livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) in pigs. In China, the predominant spa type in this lineage was reported to be t899, while those identified in Thailand, Malaysia, and The Netherlands were t337, t4358, and t1430, respectively (9,12,13). Our data showed that the predominant MSSA isolates carried by pigs were also spa t899, and they have multidrug resistance profiles similar to their MRSA counterparts.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 53%

Clonality and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Isolates from Food Animals and Other Animals

Chow

Lai

et al. 2012

J Clin Microbiol

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bOut of 3,081 animals studied, 24.9% of pigs, 4.7% of chickens, 6.3% of dogs, 10.5% of cats, and 7.1% of rodents were Staphylococcus aureus positive. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was high in pigs (animals, 21.3%; batches, 46.5%), with all MRSA isolates and most methicillin-sensitive S. aureus isolates belonging to clonal complex 9 (CC9) and being multidrug resistant. The predominant S. aureus CCs among dog and cat isolates were similar. Among rodent isolates, CC398 predominated, with spa t034 the most frequent spa type detected. Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen in human and veterinary medicine (3,4,14). Since 2005, there has been a marked increase in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) among farm animals, especially pigs (14). These MRSA isolates belong to specific clones (sequence type 9 [ST9] and ST398) and are often resistant to other non-␤-lactam antibiotics (14). However, limited studies have been performed to compare the clonal structures of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA populations in food animals and other animals. Here, we investigated the prevalence of MRSA and MSSA among various animals and the strains were characterized by molecular methods. From September 2008 to August 2011, nasal or tracheal swabs were obtained from animals in a central slaughterhouse (cattle and pigs), wet markets (chickens), and urban areas (stray dogs, stray cats, and wild rodents) (6). chromID MRSA (bioMérieux, France) and mannitol salt agar plates were used for the recovery of S. aureus isolates, following an overnight broth enrichment step (5). The bacterium was identified as S. aureus by PCR methods based on an S. aureus chromosomal fragment (sau) (11). The PCR assay could distinguish S. aureus from other closely related species (11). Isolates from cats and dogs were further tested by a multiplex PCR method based on the thermonuclease (nuc) gene, allowing separation from the newly described Staphylococcus pseudointermedius (16). The disc diffusion method was used for susceptibility testing according to the CLSI (2). The isolates were characterized by spa typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing as described previously (5, 8). PCR assays were used to detect the macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLS) resistance determinants (ermA, ermB, ermC, and mefA and mefE) and two virulence genes (pvl and arcA) (5,7,8).In total, 3,081 animals, including 609 cats, 660 chickens, 589 dogs, 310 cattle, 305 pigs, and 608 rodents (281 Rattus norvegicus, 22 Rattus rattus, 151 Rattus andamanensis, 100 Niviventer fulvescens, and 54 unidentified species), were cultured (Table 1). Overall, 24.9% of pigs, 4.7% of chickens, 6.3% of dogs, 10.5% of cats, and 7.1% of rodents were S. aureus positive. A total of 254 S. aureus isolates, including 188 MSSA and 66 MRSA isolates, were recovered from 252 animals ( Table 2). All but one of the isolates from chickens and pigs were resistant to three or more non-␤-lactam drugs. In contrast...

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 53%

Clonality and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Isolates from Food Animals and Other Animals

Chow

Lai

et al. 2012

J Clin Microbiol

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“…The strains were both human and animal associated. Other studies demonstrated MRSA in raw chicken meat (Kitai et al, 2005;Lee, 2006;Dohoo et al, 2009) and broilers at slaughterhouses (Mulders et al, 2010). LA-MRSA isolates in poultry have previously been found in the Netherlands (Leenders et al, 2007;Geenen et al, 2012) and Belgium (Nemati et al, 2008;Persoons et al, 2009;Vanderhaeghen et al, 2010a;Pletincks et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Characterization of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusfrom healthy carrier chickens

et al. 2013

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“…The horse strains were nearly all (94%) samples from diseased horses that visited the Utrecht University equine clinic, the remaining 6% being from healthy horses. The chicken isolates were obtained from a study in six broiler slaughterhouses, where broilers from 40 flocks arriving at the slaughterhouses were sampled in the pharynx after stunning (21). S. aureus isolates were spa typed by the RIVM according to the method of Harmsen et al (22).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is the Origin of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 Isolates from Humans without Livestock Contact? An Epidemiological and Genetic Analysis

et al. 2015

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f Fifteen percent of all methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex 398 (CC398) human carriers detected in The Netherlands had not been in direct contact with pigs or veal calves. To ensure low MRSA prevalence, it is important to investigate the likely origin of this MRSA of unknown origin (MUO). Recently, it was shown that CC398 strains originating from humans and animals differ in the presence of specific mobile genetic elements (MGEs). We hypothesized that determining these specific MGEs in MUO isolates and comparing them with a set of CC398 isolates of various known origin might provide clues to their origin. MUO CC398 isolates were compared to MRSA CC398 isolates obtained from humans with known risk factors, a MRSA CC398 outbreak isolate, livestock associated (LA) MRSA CC398 isolates from pigs, horses, chickens, and veal calves, and five methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) CC398 isolates of known human origin. All strains were spa typed, and the presence or absence of, scn, chp, 3 int, 6 int, 7 int, rep7, rep27, and cadDX was determined by PCRs. The MRSA CC398 in humans, MUO, or MRSA of known origin (MKO) resembled MRSA CC398 as found in pigs and not MSSA CC398 as found in humans. The distinct human MSSA CC398 spa type, t571, was not present among our MRSA CC398 strains; MRSA CC398 was tetracycline resistant and carried no 3 bacteriophage with scn and chp. We showed by simple PCR means that human MUO CC398 carriers carried MRSA from livestock origin, suggestive of indirect transmission. Although the exact transmission route remains unknown, direct human-to-human transmission remains a possibility as well. In The Netherlands, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is low (1), and Dutch MRSA strains display broad clonal diversity (2). One exception is the livestockassociated (LA) clone (clonal complex 398 [CC398]), a major clonal reservoir in pigs and veal calves (3) and subsequently in people with occupational exposure to animals. The reported number of MRSA CC398 strains has been around 40% of MRSA strains reported to the Dutch MRSA surveillance since 2008 (2, 4). However, only 78% of reported CC398 strains are found through screening of patients with direct (occupational) contact to pigs or veal calves at hospital admission (a risk factor introduced in 2006) (5).The remaining MRSA CC398 carriers do not comply with the described risk factors in the Dutch MRSA guideline: industrial contact with live pigs, veal calves, or broiler chickens regardless of whether or not this contact was occupational and/or residence of the individual on such a farm. Currently 15% (352/2,312) of all Dutch and 15% (24/164) of all Danish MRSA CC398 carriers have not been in direct contact with pigs or veal calves (2, 4). In The Netherlands, these MRSA CC398 carriers are considered a MRSA of unknown origin (MUO) subgroup (MUO CC398), with MUO being any MRSA reported to the MRSA surveillance without known risk factors as defined in the Dutch MRSA guideline (4).The ...

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Prevalence of livestock-associated MRSA in broiler flocks and risk factors for slaughterhouse personnel in The Netherlands

Cited by 163 publications

References 27 publications

Clonality and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Isolates from Food Animals and Other Animals

Clonality and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Isolates from Food Animals and Other Animals

Characterization of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusfrom healthy carrier chickens

What Is the Origin of Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 398 Isolates from Humans without Livestock Contact? An Epidemiological and Genetic Analysis

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