Prevalence of kidney stones in China: an ultrasonography based cross‐sectional study

Abstract

A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted among individuals aged ≥18 years across China, from May 2013 to July 2014. Participants underwent urinary tract ultrasonographic examinations, completed pre-designed and standardised questionnaires, and provided blood and urine samples for analysis. Kidney stones were defined as particles of ≥4 mm. Prevalence was defined as the proportion of participants with kidney stones and binary logistic regression was used to estimate the associated factors. ResultsA total of 12 570 individuals (45.2% men) with a mean (sd, range) age of 48.8 (15.3, 18-96) years were selected and invited to participate in the study. In all, 9310 (40.7% men) participants completed the investigation, with a response rate of 74.1%. The prevalence of kidney stones was 6.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.9, 6.9], and the age-and sex-adjusted prevalence was 5.8% (95% CI 5.3, 6.3; 6.5% in men and 5.1% in women). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that male gender, rural residency, age, family history of urinary stones, concurrent diabetes mellitus and hyperuricaemia, increased consumption of meat, and excessive sweating were all statistically significantly associated with a greater risk of kidney stones. By contrast, consumption of more tea, legumes, and fermented vinegar was statistically significantly associated with a lesser risk of kidney stone formation. ConclusionKidney stones are common among Chinese adults, with about one in 17 adults affected currently. Some Chinese dietary habits may lower the risk of kidney stone formation.

Spectrum of chronic kidney disease in China: A national study based on hospitalized patients from 2010 to 2015

“…In China, national epidemiological studies of kidney stones are extremely limited. Lately, a cross‐sectional study of general population based on urinary tract ultrasonography determination shows that the prevalence of kidney stones in China was 5.8% (6.5% in men and 5.1% in women), and the ‘self‐report’ prevalence was 11.7% . Our study describes an increasing trend of ON largely due to kidney stones, with a substantial geographic variation (high percentage in rural residents, south and southwest areas).…”

Green tea intake and risk of incident kidney stones: Prospective cohort studies in middle‐aged and elderly Chinese individuals

“…A study of healthy volunteers showed green tea consumption was associated with increased urinary oxalate . However, several epidemiological studies have suggested that tea intake is associated with lower stone risk . An analysis of three prospective cohort studies in the USA showed a 11% decreased risk of incident stones among those who drank 8 oz tea daily compared with less than once a week .…”

“…However, intakes of tea among participants were generally low overall (median 2–4 servings/month), and the type of tea consumed was unknown. A study of prevalent stones in China showed that tea consumption was associated with a 23% decreased risk, although the amount, duration and type of tea consumed were not specified …”

“…Kidney stone disease is highly prevalent and recurrent . Among the known risk factors for calcium oxalate stone recurrence is hyperoxaluria .…”

Significant association between RGS14 rs12654812 and nephrolithiasis risk among Guangxi population in China

“…Nephrolithiasis is a worldwide health problem that affects almost all populations. Recent studies have shown that the prevalence of nephrolithiasis in Chinese adults is 6.5%, while the prevalence in Guangxi province in southern China is 7.82%‐12.03% . Nephrolithiasis is affected by multiple risk factors, including environment, lifestyle, hormones, anatomical factors, and genetic factors.…”