A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted among individuals aged ≥18 years across China, from May 2013 to July 2014. Participants underwent urinary tract ultrasonographic examinations, completed pre-designed and standardised questionnaires, and provided blood and urine samples for analysis. Kidney stones were defined as particles of ≥4 mm. Prevalence was defined as the proportion of participants with kidney stones and binary logistic regression was used to estimate the associated factors. ResultsA total of 12 570 individuals (45.2% men) with a mean (sd, range) age of 48.8 (15.3, 18-96) years were selected and invited to participate in the study. In all, 9310 (40.7% men) participants completed the investigation, with a response rate of 74.1%. The prevalence of kidney stones was 6.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.9, 6.9], and the age-and sex-adjusted prevalence was 5.8% (95% CI 5.3, 6.3; 6.5% in men and 5.1% in women). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that male gender, rural residency, age, family history of urinary stones, concurrent diabetes mellitus and hyperuricaemia, increased consumption of meat, and excessive sweating were all statistically significantly associated with a greater risk of kidney stones. By contrast, consumption of more tea, legumes, and fermented vinegar was statistically significantly associated with a lesser risk of kidney stone formation. ConclusionKidney stones are common among Chinese adults, with about one in 17 adults affected currently. Some Chinese dietary habits may lower the risk of kidney stone formation.

No abstract

AbstractsPurpose: To determine whether minimally invasive PCNL (MPCNL) is as safe and effective in the management of complex renal caliceal stones as it is for simple renal stones. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 5761(41.2%) simple caliceal stones (isolated renal pelvis including isolated calix) and 8223 (58.8%) complex caliceal stones (renal pelvis accompanying two calices at least) that were managed by MPCNL between 1992 nd 2011. The safety, efficacy, and outcome were compared and analyzed. Results: Stone burden was larger in complex caliceal stones (1763.0 vs 1018.6 mm 2 , P < 0.05). Patients with simple stones had significantly shorter operative time, less frequency of multiple percutaneous accesses, and less hemoglobin drop. They also had a higher initial stone-free rate (SFR) (77.6% vs 66.4%) after a single session of MPCNL (P < 0.05). The differences diminished in the final SFR (86.7% vs 86.1%) after relook and/or auxiliary procedures (P > 0.05). The complication rate (17.9% vs 19.0%) and blood transfusion rate (grade II) (2.2% vs 3.2%) were similar in both groups (P > 0.05). Both groups had a low rate of high Clavien grade complications. Renal vascular embolizations (grade III), however, were significantly higher in patients with complex caliceal stones (P < 0.05). Conclusions: MPCNL is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with complex caliceal stones except there is a slightly higher frequency rate of embolization. There was a higher initial SFR in simple stones, but this difference diminished with secondary procedures.