Prevalence of Isolated Systolic Hypertension among People with Diabetes in Indonesia

Abstract

The present study aimed to explore the prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) and its risk factors among diabetes mellitus (DM) subjects in the community setting study in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study extracted secondary data from basic health survey (Riset Kesehatan Dasar; RISKESDAS) conducted in 2018. DM subjects were defined based on fasting blood glucose level ≥ 126 mg/dL or 2 hours postprandial and random blood glucose level ≥ 200 mg/dL or previously had been diagnosed by a doctor; while ISH was determined based on systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg. We also observed the subject’s characteristics, such as demography, lipid profile, and subject’s compliance. Data were then analyzed using Chi-square and Binary logistic regression. Study involved 3,911 DM subjects, revealed the overall prevalence of ISH 17.5%. Age category of 35-44 years old (POR= 10.80; 95%CI: 2.595-44.957), 45-54 years old (POR=22.81; 95%CI: 5.616-92.677), 55-64 years old (POR=46.12; 95% CI: 11.393-186.720); 65-74 years old (POR= 81.82; 95% CI: 20.110-332.868); ≥75 years old (POR=109.64; 95% CI: 26.373-455.789), low HDL cholesterol (POR= 0,80; 95% CI: 0.653-0.972); duration of DM (POR= 1.73; 95% CI: 1.257-2.389) were associated with the ISH. The prevalence of ISH among DM subjects was 17.5%. Older DM subjects, low HDL cholesterol, and duration of DM were associated with the ISH, suggesting that modification lipid profile, especially the HDL cholesterol level, is an important measure to delay ISH in elderly and long-duration DM subjects.

Prevalence and determinants of obesity among individuals with diabetes in Indonesia

“…The detailed study protocol was published in the official RISKESDAS report 25 and other publications. 26,27 In total, respondents in the RISKESDAS were 1,017,290 subjects from 416 districts and 98 cities in 34 provinces.…”

Stroke prevalence among isolated systolic hypertension subjects in Indonesia

“…Studies on stroke risk factors have been widely reported, especially the incidence of stroke in subjects with diabetes mellitus (7) and hypertension (8). However, limited studies were reported on people with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH).…”