Prevalence of Intestinal Infection due to Cryptosporidium Species Among Taiwanese Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Hung, Chien‐Ching; Tsaihong, John Chin; Lee, Ya-Tien; Deng, Hung-Yin; Hsiao, Wei-Hung; Chang, Sui‐Yuan; Chang, Shan-Chwen; Su, Kang‐Yi

doi:10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60213-8

Cited by 28 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…bieneusi, respectively (7,19,22,24,26,(36)(37)(38)(39). The infection rate of Cryptosporidium in this study was similar to that in HAART-receiving HIV-positive patients in Taiwan (1.2% in 332 patients) (40) and Denmark (1.0% in 96 patients) (41), as well as in Brazilian patients in the HAART era (0.3%) (42). A previous study also showed that infection rates of Cryptosporidium decreased significantly in patients after the initiation of HAART in Brazil: 8.1% in 482 pretreated patients and none in 100 posttreated patients (43).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in HIV-Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy

et al. 2013

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dMolecular diagnostic tools have been used increasingly in the characterization of the transmission of cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in developing countries. However, few studies have examined the distribution of Cryptosporidium species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. In the present study, 683 HIV-positive patients in the National Free Antiretroviral Therapy Program in China and 683 matched HIV-negative controls were enrolled. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes were detected and differentiated by PCR and DNA sequencing. The infection rates were 1.5% and 0.15% for Cryptosporidium and 5.7% and 4.2% for E. bieneusi in HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants, respectively. The majority (8/11) of Cryptosporidium cases were infections by zoonotic species, including Cryptosporidium meleagridis (5), Cryptosporidium parvum (2), and Cryptosporidium suis (1). Prevalent E. bieneusi genotypes detected, including EbpC (39), D (12), and type IV (7), were also potentially zoonotic. The common occurrence of EbpC was a feature of E. bieneusi transmission not seen in other areas. Contact with animals was a risk factor for both cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis. The results suggest that zoonotic transmission was significant in the epidemiology of both diseases in rural AIDS patients in China.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in HIV-Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy

et al. 2013

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“…A comparatively large proportion of participants infected with C. meleagridis was observed in a wide community in Haiti [69], a finding that was also reported at a high frequency in HIV-infected adults in Perù [74]. This species has been reported, even if rarely, by other studies regarding either children or adults with or without HIV infection from other geographical places as Portugal [75], India [36, 57], Taiwan [76], or Iran [77]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Reports on the prevalence of cryptosporidial diarrhoea in HIV-infected adults from different parts of India from the mid-1990s have shown a range from 0.7 to 83% in symptomatic and from 1.4 to 57% in asymptomatic individuals, with very high rates in both groups and a strong correlation between immune status impairment and diversity of symptoms [235, 236]. In Taiwan the extremely low prevalence of intestinal cryptosporidiosis among HIV patients [76], despite detection of cryptosporidia in most of the surface waters [168], may be the result of using boiling water [5, 76]. In Malaysia, the commonness of fecal wastes from human and nonhuman hosts suggests that many environments, particularly water and soil, act as vehicles for the spreading of the disease [237].…”

Section: Cryptosporidiosis In Hiv-infected Individualsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution, Public Health and Clinical Impact of the Protozoan PathogenCryptosporidium

Putignani

Menichella

2010

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases

184

159

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Cryptosporidium spp. are coccidians, oocysts-forming apicomplexan protozoa, which complete their life cycle both in humans and animals, through zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission, causing cryptosporidiosis. The global burden of this disease is still underascertained, due to a conundrum transmission modality, only partially unveiled, and on a plethora of detection systems still inadequate or only partially applied for worldwide surveillance. In children, cryptosporidiosis encumber is even less recorded and often misidentified due to physiological reasons such as early-age unpaired immunological response. Furthermore, malnutrition in underdeveloped countries or clinical underestimation of protozoan etiology in developed countries contribute to the underestimation of the worldwide burden. Principal key indicators of the parasite distribution were associated to environmental (e.g., geographic and temporal clusters, etc.) and host determinants of the infection (e.g., age, immunological status, travels, community behaviours). The distribution was geographically mapped to provide an updated picture of the global parasite ecosystems. The present paper aims to provide, by a critical analysis of existing literature, a link between observational epidemiological records and new insights on public health, and diagnostic and clinical impact of cryptosporidiosis.

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“…19,20 Where studied, no differences in illness among adults have been noted between C. meleagridis and C. parvum or C. hominis . However, in HIV-positive children, infections with C. meleagridis were more likely to cause diarrhea than infection with C. parvum or C. hominis .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Cryptosporidium meleagridis: Infectivity in Healthy Adult Volunteers

Chappell¹,

Okhuysen²,

Langer-Curry³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Most Cryptosporidium infections in humans are caused by C. parvum or C. hominis. However, genotyping techniques have identified infections caused by unusual Cryptosporidium species. Cryptosporidium meleagridis has been identified in ≤ 1% of persons with diarrhea, although prevalence is higher in developing nations. We examined the infectivity of C. meleagridis in healthy adults. Five volunteers were challenged with 105 C. meleagridis oocysts and monitored six weeks for fecal oocysts and clinical manifestations. Four volunteers had diarrhea; three had detectable fecal oocysts; and one infected volunteer remained asymptomatic. Fecal DNA from two volunteers was amplified by using a polymerase chain reaction specific for the Cryptosporidium small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Nucleotide sequence of these amplicons was diagnostic for C. meleagridis. All infections were self-limited; oocysts were cleared within ≤ 12 days of challenge. These studies establish that healthy adults can be infected and become ill from ingestion of C. meleagridis oocysts.

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Prevalence of Intestinal Infection due to Cryptosporidium Species Among Taiwanese Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Abstract: Our findings indicate that the prevalence of intestinal colonization due to Cryptosporidium is low among HIV-infected patients in Taiwan.

Cited by 28 publications

References 15 publications

Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in HIV-Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy

Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in HIV-Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy

Global Distribution, Public Health and Clinical Impact of the Protozoan PathogenCryptosporidium

Cryptosporidium meleagridis: Infectivity in Healthy Adult Volunteers

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