Prevalence of <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> in North Carolina Eastern Black Bears (<i>Ursus americanus</i>)

Westmoreland, Lori S. H.; Stoskopf, Michael K.; Maggi, Ricardo G.

doi:10.7589/2016-02-036

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Finally, A. phagocytophilum ( rrs or msp-2 ) have been molecularly detected in free-ranging American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) (3–10%) in the USA ( 37 – 39 ) and free-ranging brown bears ( Ursus arctos ) in Slovakia (24.3%) ( 40 ) was reported in Slovakia ( 40 ) (Table 1 ).…”

Section: Molecular Prevalence and Diversity Of Tick-borne Anaplasmatamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise wild canids and raccoons, black bears have adapted to living in proximity to humans, which can result in trash cans rummage, car strikes and higher probability of pathogens transmission. In fact, molecular prevalence rates for A. phagocytophilum ranging from 3 to 10% in black bears in the USA ( 37 – 39 ) to 24% in brown bears in Europe ( 40 ) have been reported. On the other hand, this agent was not detected in 86 ticks collected from 17 black bears in the state of Lousiania, USA ( 109 ).…”

Section: Implications Of Anaplasmataceae Infection In Wild Carnivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, this agent was not detected in 86 ticks collected from 17 black bears in the state of Lousiania, USA ( 109 ). The low levels of infection in bears in the USA may indicate a spillover phenomenon for this pathogen ( 39 ). While a seroprevalence rate of 26% (54/210) to A. phagocytophilum was reported among a black bears population in California, USA, a higher seroprevalence rate (65.2%) was reported among brown bears in Slovenia, central Europe ( 110 ).…”

Section: Implications Of Anaplasmataceae Infection In Wild Carnivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia/Neoehrlichia Agents in Terrestrial Wild Carnivores Worldwide: Implications for Human and Domestic Animal Health and Wildlife Conservation

André

2018

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Recently, the incidence and awareness of tick-borne diseases in humans and animals have increased due to several factors, which in association favor the chances of contact among wild animals and their ectoparasites, domestic animals and humans. Wild and domestic carnivores are considered the primary source of tick-borne zoonotic agents to humans. Among emergent tick-borne pathogens, agents belonging to family Anaplasmataceae (Order Rickettsiales) agents stand out due their worldwide distribution and zoonotic potential. In this review we aimed to review the genetic diversity of the tick-transmitted genera Ehrlichia, Anaplasma and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp.” in wild carnivores Caniformia (Canidae, Mustelidae and Ursidae) and Feliformia (Felidae, Hyanidae, Procyonidae and Viverridae) worldwide, discussing the implications for human and domestic animal health and wildlife conservation. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have been identified as hosts for Anaplasma spp. (A. phagocytophilum, Anaplasma ovis, A. platys), Ehrlichia canis and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp.” (FU98 strain) and may contribute to the maintaenance of A. phagocytophilum in Europe. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) have been reported as hosts for E. canis, A. bovis, “Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris” and A. phagocytophilum, and play a role in the maintenance of A. phagocytophilum in the USA. Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) may play a role as hosts for A. bovis and A. phagocytophilum. New Ehrlichia and/or Anaplasma genotypes circulate in wild canids and felids from South America and Africa. While Ehrlichia sp. closely related to E. canis has been reported in wild felids from Brazil and Japan, Anaplasma sp. closely related to A. phagocytophilum has been detected in wild felids from Brazil and Africa. Red foxes and mustelids (otters) are exposed to E. canis in countries located in the Mediaterranean basin, probably as a consequence of spillover from domestic dogs. Similarly, E. canis occurs in procyonids in North (raccoons in USA, Spain) and South (Nasua nasua in Brazil) Hemispheres, in areas where E. canis is frequent in dogs. While “Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris” seems to be a common and specific agent of raccoons in the USA, “Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp.” (FU98 strain) seems to show a broader range of hosts, since it has been detected in red fox, golden jackal (Canis aureus) and badger (Meles meles) in Europe so far. Brown (Ursus arctos) and black (Ursus americanus) bears seem to play a role as hosts for A. phagocytophilum in the North Hemisphere. Anaplasma bovis has been detected in wild Procyonidae, Canidae and Felidae in Asia and Brazil. In order to assess the real identity of the involved agents, future works should benefit from the application of MLST (Multi Locus Sequence Typing), WGS (Whole Genome Sequencing) and NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) technologies aiming at shedding some light on the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of Anaplasmataceae agents.

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Section: Molecular Prevalence and Diversity Of Tick-borne Anaplasmatamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications Of Anaplasmataceae Infection In Wild Carnivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications Of Anaplasmataceae Infection In Wild Carnivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia/Neoehrlichia Agents in Terrestrial Wild Carnivores Worldwide: Implications for Human and Domestic Animal Health and Wildlife Conservation

André

2018

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Possible explanations include the emergence of a highly-virulent or bear-adapted mite strain, an increasing bear population encouraging the heightened transmission of mites, or a subclinical co-infection or environmental variable making bears more susceptible to clinical disease [18,19]. In addition to S. scabiei, black bears are commonly infected by a wide diversity of bacterial and viral pathogens and other parasites [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. Infection and subsequent seroconversion from many of these pathogens is common, but clinical disease due to infectious pathogens, other than from S. scabiei, is considered rare in free-ranging black bears [26,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Serosurvey of Multiple Pathogens in American Black Bears (Ursus americanus) in Pennsylvania, USA Indicates a Lack of Association with Sarcoptic Mange

Niedringhaus

Brown

Ternent³

et al. 2019

Veterinary Sciences

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Infectious diseases, particularly of wildlife, are intrinsically linked to human and domestic animal health. Reports of sarcoptic mange in black bears (Ursus americanus) are increasing in multiple states in the USA and while the reason is unknown, mange in other species has been associated with immunosuppression from multiple causes. Serum from bears across Pennsylvania were collected to determine the seroprevalence of five pathogens important for animal and/or human health: Canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV), canine adenovirus-1 (CAV), Toxoplasma gondii, and Trichinella sp. from bears with sarcoptic mange as well as bears that were clinically normal. Several of these pathogens, particularly canine distemper virus, are associated with immunosuppression and secondary infections in other hosts. In addition to describing the seroprevalence and relating these findings to data from other regions, statistics were performed to determine if antibodies to any of these pathogens were associated with mange in bears. The overall seroprevalence to these pathogens was as follows: CDV 7.1% (17/240), CPV 16% (15/94), CAV 6.9% (6/87), Toxoplasma gondii 64.9% (194/299), and Trichinella spiralis 3.2% (7/220). While there was no association between mange and antibodies to these pathogens, infection with one or more of these pathogens has implications for bears, other wildlife, domestic animal, and human health.

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“…Anaplasma spp. are tick-transmitted obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria that cause a variety of animal diseases and can also infect people [ 2 , 3 ]. While control of ticks on domestic animals is time-consuming and costly, it is technically very difficult in wild animals and ticks are very common in the DENNR [ 4 ].…”

Section: Letter To the Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the highly endangered Père David’s deer Elaphurus davidianus

Yang

Kelly

et al. 2018

Parasites Vectors

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Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in North Carolina Eastern Black Bears (Ursus americanus)

Cited by 6 publications

References 36 publications

Diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia/Neoehrlichia Agents in Terrestrial Wild Carnivores Worldwide: Implications for Human and Domestic Animal Health and Wildlife Conservation

Diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia/Neoehrlichia Agents in Terrestrial Wild Carnivores Worldwide: Implications for Human and Domestic Animal Health and Wildlife Conservation

A Serosurvey of Multiple Pathogens in American Black Bears (Ursus americanus) in Pennsylvania, USA Indicates a Lack of Association with Sarcoptic Mange

Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the highly endangered Père David’s deer Elaphurus davidianus

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