Prevalence of Hyperuricemia and the Relationship Between Serum Uric Acid and Hypertension in New Onset Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Indian Study

Abstract

Objective Prevalence of hyperuricemia (HU) is increasing and it is associated with hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, chronic kidney disease, gout and cardiovascular disease. Elevated level of serum uric acid (SUA) has been shown to be associated with hypertension and diabetes in many countries but there is lack of evidence from India. The aim of this study is to know the prevalence of HU and to know the relationship between SUA and hypertension in newly onset DM. Methods This is a cross-sectional study from a tertiary center. A total of 305 (males: 212; females: 93) newly diagnosed diabetic patients were enrolled. All patients were categorized as normotensive (<140/90) and hypertensive (≥140/90) based on ADA criteria. Based on SUA level participants were grouped into 3 tertile (T1: <4.52; T2: 4.52–5.64; T3: >5.64 mg/dl). Results The mean age, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of the patients were 46.76 ±0.61 years, 130.6±1.06 mmHg and 84.11±0.63 mmHg, respectively. The mean level of SUA was 5.14±0.073 mg/dl and level was significantly higher in males compared with females (P <0.000). Overall prevalence of HU and hypertension was 12.13% and 44.59%, respectively. There was an increase in the prevalence of hypertension across the SUA tertile. SBP and DBP significantly increased across the SUA tertile (P <0.014 and <0.001, respectively). A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that SUA tertile was independently associated with presence of hypertension (P <0.01). Conclusion This first report on the population of the eastern part of India indicates a significant positive relationship between SUA and hypertension among the newly onset Indian diabetic patients. Therefore, routine measurement of SUA is recommended in newly onset hypertensive diabetic patients to prevent HU and its related complications.

Prevalence of Obesity in Newly Onset Diabetes Mellitus and Its Relationship with Uric Acid: An Indian Cross-Sectional Study

“…Others have also found similar prevalence of HU in their studies. 17 , 35–37 As compared with males, females have low SUA in the present study. A similar finding was seen by Singh et al 38 This is primarily because of high level of estrogen in females and estrogen is known to have uricosuric properties.…”

“… 1 , 20 Obesity and hyperuricemia have been recognized as a risk factor for a variety of disease conditions such as DM, CVD, metabolic syndrome, CKD, hypertension and endothelial dysfunction. 17 , 19 , 21 , 25 Nowadays obesity and HU are serious concerns to public health because of associated complications and economic burden. Association between obesity and HU has been found in various cross-sectional and epidemiological studies worldwide but data are lacking from India.…”

“…Others have also found a stronger association of SUA with obesity, hypertension, major cardiovascular event and metabolic syndrome in females. 17 , 48 , 49 Reasons for such gender difference is not clear but it could be due to sex hormones. We also found a strong association between SUA and A1c.…”

“…15,16 Several epidemiological and cross-sectional studies indicated that high SUA is associated with hypertension, DM, obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, liver dysfunction, CVD and chronic kidney disease. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] In the past few decades, the relationship between SUA and obesity has received widespread attention. But it is debatable, whether high SUA is a risk factor for development of obesity or is a marker of obesity.…”

Hyperuricemia and associated factors: The case of outpatients at the Bafoussam Regional Hospital‐ Cameroon, an analytical cross‐sectional study

“…5 Hyperuricemia is associated with obesity, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, liver dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease as reported by several authors even if the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Given the appearance of cardiovascular and renal comorbidities after long exposure to hyperuricemia, it is difficult to know whether hyperuricemia is a risk mark for nongouty disease or factors associated with its. 2 Hyperuricemia constitutes a major public health issue due to its implication in many chronic diseases and metabolic syndromes.…”