Prevalence of goitre among school children in Belgaum district

Kamath, Ramachandra; Bhat, Vinutha; Rao, Raghavendra; Acharya, Dilaram; Kapil, Umesh; Kotian, M. S.; Nayak, Divakar S

doi:10.1007/s12098-009-0101-6

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The prevalence of goiter was higher among females in our study. This finding is consistent with reports from various studies conducted throughout the world [ 11 , 16 - 18 ]. This could be due to the physiological differences between males and females.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prevalence of goiter and associated factors among schoolchildren in northeast Ethiopia

Tigabu¹,

Bekele

Dachew³

2017

Epidemiol Health

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OBJECTIVESGoiter is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of goiter among children in Waghimra Zone, northeast Ethiopia.METHODSA cross-sectional study was conducted from April 8 to 25, 2015 in northeast Ethiopia. A multistage sampling method was used to select 454 schoolchildren. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Children were examined for the presence or absence of goiter based on the criteria of the United Nations Children’s Fund, International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency, and the World Health Organization. Salt samples from children’s homes were tested for iodine levels using a rapid iodized salt test kit. Data were entered into EpiInfo version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted, and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed to determine the level of significance.RESULTSThe prevalence of goiter was 62.1% (95% CI, 57.5 to 66.5%). Being female (aOR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.57 to 6.08), having a family history of goiter (aOR, 5.18; 95% CI, 2.43 to 11.03), and using non-iodized salt (aOR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.12 to 4.38) were factors associated with goiter among schoolchildren.CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of goiter was high. Being female and having a family history of goiter increased the risk of goiter in children, but using iodized salt was protective. Therefore, we recommend ensuring universal access to iodized salt and increasing the awareness of the community of the importance of iodized salt utilization.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prevalence of goiter and associated factors among schoolchildren in northeast Ethiopia

Tigabu¹,

Bekele

Dachew³

2017

Epidemiol Health

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“…Comparing with others, our study finding is by far lower than in Belgaum district, Indian [15], Pakistan [5] and Ghana [6] on which 33.3%, 54.3% and 44.8% of the household had adequate iodized salt, respectively. Moreover, the proportion of adequate iodine consumption in this population was lower than studies done in Gondar [9] and Labo Assabi district [10].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 81%

Handling and Adequacy of Iodine at Household Level: Community Based Cross-sectional Survey in Dega Damot District, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

Bitew¹,

Linigerew²,

Mengistu³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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19Introduction: Iodine is essential for regulation of physical growth and neural development. Although, 20 fortification of iodine has been practiced decades before and iodized salt is available, handling and cultural 21 food preparation may affect the content of iodine in the dishes. Moreover, Dega Damot is mountainous area 22 that may lose its iodine via erosion. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the handling and adequacy of 23 iodine in the salt in Dega Damot district, West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. 24Method: Community based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 24 to November 15, 2017 on 25 802 households. Stratified multi-stage sampling was employed to select households. A total of 422 and 380 26 house-holds from low land and high land, respectively took part in the study. For the interview either the 27 husband or the spouse was selected randomly. Data on handling were collected by face-to-face interview 28 using structured questionnaires. The concentration of iodine was determined using Rapid Test Kit. 29Descriptive statistics were used to describe relevant findings on the handling of iodized salt. Both bivariate 30 and multivariate logistic regressions were analyzed to identify associated factors. 31Result: From 802 samples tested, 37 (4.6%) had iodine greater than 15parts per million. The majority 32 (94.5%) of the respondents have been roasting their salt for 'Dikus' preparation where as 91.1% of the 33 households stored their salt in open containers. Salts with closed containers (AOR=3.22, CI=1.31-7.89), 34 unroasted salts [AOR=5.23, CI=1.25-22.11], good knowledge on handling [AOR=5.55, CI=1.64-18.77], 35 salts from high land area [AOR=2.11, 9CI=1.02-4.37], were significantly associated with adequacy of iodine 36 Conclusions: Adequate utilization of iodine was very low. Roasting of salt was common. These 37 phenomena may be continued because 'Dikus' preparation is cultured in this population. We recommend the 38 supplementation of packed iodized salt in the dishes 39 40 41 42 3 43 103 Iodine determination 104 A teaspoon of salts collected from each household. The salts were tested for the content of iodine using the 105 iodine rapid test kit (MBI Kits International). MBI KITS is improved iodized salt Field Test kit for salt 106 fortified with potassium iodide. The interpretation of the result was based on color comparison with its chart 107 (0, 1-15 and more than 15 parts per million, ppm). The cut-off proportion of 15 PPM and above was 108 considered as adequately iodized salt using the WHO reference indicators for monitoring of iodized salt in 109 the household level [14]. 6 110 Operational definitions 111 Adequate iodine in the salt: If the iodine content of the tested salt was > 15 parts per million 112 Low iodine content: If the iodine content of the tested salt was < 15parts per million 113 No iodine: If the iodine content of the tested salt was 0 parts per million 114 Good knowledge on handling: If the respondent correctly answered greater than or equal to half of the 115 knowle...

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“…The prevalence of goiter among male students (4.6%) was much lower than that among female students (8.7%). This finding is almost consistent with earlier reports [22]–[25]. This may be due to differences in the developmental stages between males and females.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…This prevalence in the current study is much lower than those in the studies done in some countries. For example, the goiter prevalence was found to be 62.1% in northeast Ethiopia [19], 77% in Khoramabad, Iran [20], while the prevalence in Shendi, northern Sudan and Belgaum city, India was 14.6% [21] and 16.7% [22], respectively. The reason for the above-mentioned difference may be due to the fact that our study was undertaken after the universal salt iodization launched in Binh Dinh, Vietnam in 1993 [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of goiter among children aged 8–10 in Binh Dinh province, Vietnam in 2016–2017

Dat¹,

Giang²,

Bao³

et al. 2019

AIMS Public Health

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Objective The study was conducted to estimate the goiter prevalence, and the median urine iodine concentrations among schoolchildren aged 8–10 in Binh Dinh province, Vietnam. Methods A school-based cross-sectional survey was carried out from May 2016 to May 2017. A multistage, proportional-to-population-size sampling method with 30 clusters was used. The children were examined by palpation for the presence or absence of goiter based on the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency (ICCIDD); urinary iodine was determined in microplates by a modification of the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. The Chi-square test was used to compare prevalences, and the Chi-square test for trend was employed to assess the trend of goiter prevalence and urine iodine levels by age and economic-social areas. Results 1800 pupils from 8 to 10 years old including 900 males and 900 females were examined and 300 among them were tested for the urinary iodine concentration (UIC). The prevalence of goiter among schoolchildren was 6.6%. The prevalence of goiter tended to increase in areas with disadvantaged conditions, among which the urban areas occupied the lowest prevalence (5%) while the mountainous areas and Midland took the highest (8.8%) (the p -value of 0.0193). The median UIC of the study group was 159.9 µg/L; the 25 th and 75 th percentile value was 103 µg/L and 230.2 µg/L, respectively. Conclusion According to the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD classification, the goiter prevalence indicated that some regions of Binh Dinh province appeared to be slightly affected by iodine deficiency. These have characterized an important public health challenge, highlighting the need to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders in these areas.

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Prevalence of goitre among school children in Belgaum district

Abstract: Strict implementation of salt codization and marketing in rural area is desired. Also health education programme be showed.

Cited by 8 publications

References 6 publications

Prevalence of goiter and associated factors among schoolchildren in northeast Ethiopia

Prevalence of goiter and associated factors among schoolchildren in northeast Ethiopia

Handling and Adequacy of Iodine at Household Level: Community Based Cross-sectional Survey in Dega Damot District, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

Prevalence of goiter among children aged 8–10 in Binh Dinh province, Vietnam in 2016–2017

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