Prevalence of goiter among children in Ethiopia and associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Dessie, Getenet; Amare, Desalegne; Dagnew, Amare Belachew; Mulugeta, Henok; Kassa, Dessalegn Haile; Negesse, Ayenew; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Wagnew, Fasil; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Burrowes, Sahai

doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7505-7

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The reduced prevalence of iodine deficiency in the study area is promising. However, iodine deficiency was still a public health problem in some parts of the country [26][27][28]. A study conducted in the Robe district in 2015 showed that 57% of the participants had low UIC and the median UIC was 78 μg/L [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excessive intake of iodine and low prevalence of goiter in school age children five years after implementation of national salt iodization in Shebedino woreda, southern Ethiopia

et al. 2021

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Background Iodine is a trace element required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The multiple effects of iodine deficiency on human health are called iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). IDDs have been common nutritional problems in Ethiopia. In 2012, Ethiopia launched a national salt iodization program to address IDDs. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of this program after 5 years by measuring urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and prevalence of goiter in school age children as well as household salt iodine concentration (SIC). Methods A school-based cross-sectional design was employed. After ethical approval, 408 children from eight randomly selected primary schools provided urine samples. UIC was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS). A 10 g salt sample was collected from each household of a sampled child. SIC was analyzed with a digital electronic iodine checker (WYD, UNICEF) and goiter was assessed by palpation. Results The mean (±SD) age of the children was 9 ± 2 years. The prevalence of goiter was 4.2% and no child had grade 2 goiter. The median (IQR) UIC was 518 (327, 704) μg/L and UIC ranged from 3.1 to 2530 μg/L. Of the salt samples, 15.6% were not adequately iodized (< 15 ppm), 39.3% were adequately iodized (≥15 to ≤40 ppm), and 45.1% were > 40 ppm. SIC ranged from 4.2 to 195 ppm. Of the mothers, 92% said iodized salt prevents goiter and 8% mentioned prevents mental retardation. Conclusions In 2017 iodine deficiency was no longer a public health problem in the study area. However, the high variability in UIC and SIC and excessive iodine intake are of great concern. It is vital to ensure that salt is homogenously iodized at the production site before being distributed to consumers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excessive intake of iodine and low prevalence of goiter in school age children five years after implementation of national salt iodization in Shebedino woreda, southern Ethiopia

et al. 2021

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“…IDDs affect people of all ages, but young children, women of reproductive age, pregnant women, and lactating women are the most vulnerable [4]. IDDs remain a public health concern [6]. Previous studies in South Asia [7][8][9][10] and Sub-Saharan Africa [7,[11][12][13][14] have found that iodized salt is in short supply at the household (HH) level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adequately Iodized Salt Utilization and Associated Factors among Households in Tach Armachio District, Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Mamo

Derso

Nigatu

2021

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism

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Background. For the synthesis of thyroid hormones, iodine is a crucial trace element. Iodine deficiency disorders affect all groups particularly: pregnant, young women and children. Iodine deficiency disorder has been recognized as a serious public health issue in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study planned to assess iodized salt utilization and associated factors at the household level. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 25 to February 24, 2019, in Tach Armachio district, Northwest Ethiopia. A single population proportion formula was used to calculate the sample size and a total of 555 households were sampled. A multistage sampling technique was conducted to select the household. An iodometric titration method was performed. A structured, pretested, and face-to-face interview questionnaire was used to collect data; then, it was entered in Epi Info 7 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were done to identify predictor variables. A 95% confidence interval and adjusted odd ratio were reported. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant in the multivariable analysis. Results. This study showed that iodized salt was adequately utilized by 61.1% (CI = 57%–65%) of households. Good knowledge of iodine deficiency disorder (AOR = 2.25, 95% CI = (1.44, 3.50)), keeping salt in the kitchen house away from fire (AOR = 5.09, 95% CI = (3.25, 7.98)), buying packed salt [AOR = 1.89, 95% CI = (1.12, 3.19)), keeping salt in a covered container (AOR = 2.18, 95% CI = (1.24, 3.81)), and exposing salt to sunlight (AOR = 0.39, 95% CI = (0.23, 0.65)) were significantly associated. Conclusion. In the district, adequately iodized salt utilization was low. Therefore, it is necessary to enforce the current law for merchants to sell iodized packed salt and teach the community how to handle it.

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“…Our finding is slightly higher than the previous review which reported 40.5%. 24 The difference could be related to the difference in the study population, the previous review included children and adolescents while ours focus on school-age children only. According to the world health organization guideline, a total goiter rate of 30% or more among school-age (6–12 years) children signals the existence of severe public health problems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“… 23 A recent systematic review in Ethiopia reported a 40.5% prevalence of goiter among people aged 6–18 years old. 24 This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of goiter among school-aged children (6-12 years) in Ethiopia. The prevalence of goiter among school children is used as a key indicator of population-level of iodine deficiency both due to their physiologic vulnerability and ease of accessibility through schools.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Goiter Among School-Aged Children in Ethiopia: Update of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Tekalegn

Bekele

Sahiledengle

et al. 2021

Glob Adv Health Med

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Background Iodine deficiency is a major public health concern throughout the world. Goiter is the most visible sign of iodine deficiency. In Ethiopia, a study finding regarding the prevalence of goiter among school-age children is inconsistent and highly variable. Objectives To estimate the pooled prevalence of goiter among school-age children in Ethiopia. Methods Three international databases (MEDLINE/Pub-Med, Google Scholar and Science Direct) were systematically searched. Besides, the reference sections of identified articles were searched to increase the chance of detecting missed articles in gray literature. STATA Version 14 statistical software was used to conduct a meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence with a 95% confidence interval was displayed using the forest plot. A random-effect meta-analysis model was used to compute the pooled prevalence, and The Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test were used to assess the heterogeneity of the studies. Results A total of 14 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and included in this systematic review and Meta-analysis, with a total sample size of 26,282. The finding of this systematic review revealed that the pooled prevalence of goiter among school-age children was 42.9% (95% CI: 38.8–46.9). The highest prevalence of goiter (46.7%) was observed in Oromia region and the lowest (26.3%) was observed in Benishangul-Gumuz region. Conclusions This review finding revealed that more than two in five of the school children in Ethiopia suffer from iodine deficiency disorder as manifested by the goiter rate.

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Prevalence of goiter among children in Ethiopia and associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 8 publications

References 50 publications

Excessive intake of iodine and low prevalence of goiter in school age children five years after implementation of national salt iodization in Shebedino woreda, southern Ethiopia

Excessive intake of iodine and low prevalence of goiter in school age children five years after implementation of national salt iodization in Shebedino woreda, southern Ethiopia

Adequately Iodized Salt Utilization and Associated Factors among Households in Tach Armachio District, Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Prevalence of Goiter Among School-Aged Children in Ethiopia: Update of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

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