Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Associated Factors among Type 2 Diabetes Patients at Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia

Shibru, Tsion; Aga, Fekadu; Boka, Abdisa

doi:10.35248/2155-6156.19.10.820

Cited by 10 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…The current study found that the odds of DR increased in patients with a longer duration of diabetes. This finding is in line with previous studies conducted worldwide [21,[30][31][32][33][34], which reported that diabetes duration ≥ 10 years is the most significant risk factor for the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Regarding the frequency of visits, respondents who were appointed every month and every 3 months had much fewer odds of having DR than those appointed for a visit every 6 months. This finding is in line with a cross-sectional study conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, which reported that participants who visited the diabetes clinic every month had lower odds of developing DR when compared to patients who visited the clinic every 6 months [21]. The possible reasons might be that frequent visits to the clinic enable health professionals and patients to know the progress of the disease and adjust the treatment option as early as possible before the occurrence of severe complications.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The questionnaire has four parts adapted from a study conducted at the Tikur Anbessa Hospital [20,21]. It includes socio-demographic factors, behavioral factors, clinical factors, and institutional factors.…”

Section: Data Collection Tools and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of diabetic retinopathy in Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia: a case–control study

Seid

Tesfaye

Belay

et al. 2021

Clin Diabetes Endocrinol

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Background Diabetic retinopathy is the most frequent complication of Diabetes Mellitus and remains the leading cause of preventable blindness. However, there are limited studies on the determinants of diabetic retinopathy in the study area as well in Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to assess the determinants of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients at Tikur Anbessa Hospital. Methods An institution-based unmatched case–control study design was conducted at Tikur Anbessa Hospital from May 11 to June 26, 2020. Diabetic patients who developed retinopathy within 2 years were cases in the study. Patients who were free of retinopathy were controls in this study. Data were collected using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire, Topcon retinal examination, and a record review. The collected data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 software, and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the determinants of diabetic retinopathy. Results A total of 282 patients (142 cases and 140 controls) were included in the study. The mean age (± Standard deviation) for the cases and the controls were 50.6 (SD: ± 18.7) and 44.9 (SD: ± 17.65) respectively. Patients who had a glucometer at home (AOR = 0.048; 95% CI: 0.005–0.492), exercise adherence (AOR = 0.075; 95% CI: 0.007–0.84), diabetes duration < 5 years (AOR = 0.005; 95% CI: 0.00–0.10) and 5–10 years (AOR = 0.041; 95% CI: 0.003–0.57), health information on diabetic complications (AOR = 0.002; 95% CI: 0.00–0.042) and appointments every month (AOR = 0.004; 95% CI: 0.00–0.073) and every 3 months (AOR = 0.022; 95% CI: 0.002–0.23) were less likely to develop diabetic retinopathy. Participants who had poor glycemic control (AOR = 19.9; 95% CI: 2.34–168.69), systolic hypertension (AOR = 23.4; 95% CI: 2.56–215.36) and nephropathy (AOR = 17.85; 95% CI: 2.01–158.1), had a higher risk of developing diabetic retinopathy. Conclusions Patients who had a glucometer at home, exercise adherence, diabetes duration < 10 years, health information on diabetic complications, and frequent follow-up had a preventive role. However, poor glycemic control, systolic hypertension, and nephropathy increase the risk of diabetic retinopathy. A concerted effort should be made to improve the health status of patients with Diabetes Mellitus, with particular emphasis on lifestyle modification practices to prevent diabetic retinopathy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Determinants of diabetic retinopathy in Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia: a case–control study

Seid

Tesfaye

Belay

et al. 2021

Clin Diabetes Endocrinol

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“…8 However, the nding in our study is lower than the prevalence reported by Shibiru T et.al (51.3%) from Tikur Anbessa Hospital in Ethiopia. 7 The variations in sample size and diagnostic method may have caused this discrepancy. Some studies from other parts of the world also reported gures higher than the prevalence seen in the current study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Few available diabetes clinic based studies in Ethiopia reported prevalence of diabetic retinopathy ranging from 34%-51%. 5,6,7,8 DR is an emerging cause of blindness in the developing world. Identi cation of the prevalence and associated risk factors of DR in our particular community could indicate areas to focus on in the follow up and care of diabetic patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Risk Factors Among Diabetic Patients at University of Gondar Tertiary Eye Care and Training Center, North-West Ethiopia. 

Ejigu

Tsegaw

2021

Preprint

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Purpose: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). It is the most common cause of blindness among the working age group in the developed world and the fifth leading cause of global blindness. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 2.8% of all blindness is caused by DR. Studies addressing the patterns of DR and associated factors are scarce in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to determine the Prevalence and associated factors of DR among DM patients attending University of Gondar (UOG), Tertiary Eye Care and Training center.Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2019 to February 2020 involving all consecutive diabetes patients who visited the center during the study period. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and data extraction check list, and entered into SPSS version 20 and analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were done to identify predictors of DR. Statistical significance was determined with 95% confidence interval using odds ratio and p-values.Results: A total of 225 DM patients with mean age of 55.4 ± 13.5 years were studied, of whom 95 (42.2%) had DR. Duration of diabetes ≥ 6 years (AOR= 2.91: 95%CI; 1.01-8.35) and baseline age < 60 years (AOR= 3.2: 95%CI; 1.19 - 8.63) were significantly associated with DR. Diabetic retinopathy was significantly associated with the form of therapy. Those on insulin (p=0.025), and oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) with insulin combination (p=0.014) had statistically significantly associated with development of DR. Patients with systolic blood pressure of <140 mmHg were 3.6 times (AOR=0.28:95%CI:0.09-0.82) less likely to have DR. A majority of patients had Non-proliferative DR (NPDR) without diabetic macular edema (DME) (34.2%). DME and proliferative DR (PDR) were seen in 5.7% and 3.6% of the patients respectively. Vision threatening DR (VTDR) was seen in 10.7% of patients. There was significant association between age <60 years and VTDR (AOR=4.19: 95%CI; 1.23-14.35).Conclusion: The prevalence of DR among our study patients was very high. Longer duration of diabetes, higher systolic blood pressure, baseline age < 60 years, use of insulin alone and use of combination of insulin with OHA were independently associated with DR. Health education; early screening and treatment are recommended.

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Semiparametric modelling of diabetic retinopathy among people with type II diabetes mellitus

Yirdaw

Debusho

2023

BMC Med Res Methodol

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Background The proportion of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) has grown with increasing number of diabetes mellitus patients in the world. It is among the major causes of blindness worldwide. The main objective of this study was to identify contributing risk factors of DR among people with type II diabetes mellitus. Method A sample of 191 people with type II diabetes mellitus was selected from the Black Lion Specialized Hospital diabetic unit from 1 March 2018 to 1 April 2018. A multivariate stochastic regression imputation technique was applied to impute the missing values. The response variable, DR is a categorical variable with two outcomes. Based on the relationship derived from the exploratory analysis, the odds of having DR were not necessarily linearly related to the continuous predictors for this sample of patients. Therefore, a semiparametric model was proposed to identify the risk factors of DR. Result From the sample of 191 people with type II diabetes mellitus, 98 (51.3%) of them had DR. The results of semiparametric regression model revealed that being male, hypertension, insulin treatment, and frequency of clinical visits had a significant linear relationships with the odds of having DR. In addition, the log- odds of having DR has a significant nonlinear relation with the interaction of age by gender (for female patients), duration of diabetes, interaction of cholesterol level by gender (for female patients), haemoglobin A1c, and interaction of haemoglobin A1c by fasting blood glucose with degrees of freedom $$3.2, 2.7, 3.6, 2.3 \, \text{ and }\, 3.7$$ 3.2 , 2.7 , 3.6 , 2.3 and 3.7 , respectively. The interaction of age by gender and cholesterol level by gender appear non significant for male patients. The result from the interaction of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) by fasting blood glucose (FBG) showed that the risk of DR is high when the level of HbA1c and FBG were simultaneously high. Conclusion Clinical variables related to people with type II diabetes mellitus were strong predictive factors of DR. Hence, health professionals should be cautious about the possible nonlinear effects of clinical variables, interaction of clinical variables, and interaction of clinical variables with sociodemographic variables on the log odds of having DR. Furthermore, to improve intervention strategies similar studies should be conducted across the country.

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Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Associated Factors among Type 2 Diabetes Patients at Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

Determinants of diabetic retinopathy in Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia: a case–control study

Determinants of diabetic retinopathy in Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia: a case–control study

Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Risk Factors Among Diabetic Patients at University of Gondar Tertiary Eye Care and Training Center, North-West Ethiopia.

Semiparametric modelling of diabetic retinopathy among people with type II diabetes mellitus

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Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Associated Factors among Type 2 Diabetes Patients at Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

Determinants of diabetic retinopathy in Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia: a case–control study

Determinants of diabetic retinopathy in Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia: a case–control study

Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Risk Factors Among Diabetic Patients at University of Gondar Tertiary Eye Care and Training Center, North-West Ethiopia.&nbsp;

Semiparametric modelling of diabetic retinopathy among people with type II diabetes mellitus

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Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Risk Factors Among Diabetic Patients at University of Gondar Tertiary Eye Care and Training Center, North-West Ethiopia.