Prevalence of Diabetes Related Distress and Associated Factors Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients Attending Hospitals, Southwest Ethiopia, 2020: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Introduction Diabetes related distress is the most common psychological co-morbid condition among type 2 diabetes patients. However, although the number of people living with diabetes has continued to increase over the last 10 years, information regarding diabetes related distress is limited in Ethiopia. Objective The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of diabetes related distress and associated factors among type 2 diabetes patients attending hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was employed on 360 type 2 diabetes patients attending hospitals from January 1 to March 30, 2020. Convenient sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were entered into EpiData manager version 4.2.2 and exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions. The statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results Out of a total 360 patients recruited, 321 (89.2%) patients (201 male and 120 female) were involved in the study. The mean age of the participants was 41.3 (SD = 12.8) years. The prevalence of diabetes related distress was 118 (36.8%) in which emotional distress was the most prevalent (43.6%) domain. Level of education [AOR 4.55; 95% CI: 1.28–16.19], family or social support [AOR 0.62; 95% CI: 0.33–1.06], duration of diabetes [AOR 0.75; 95% CI: 0.35–1.55], having diabetes complications [AOR 1.98; 95% CI: 1.0–3.86], smoking status [AOR 1.6; 95% CI: 1.12–2.97] and alcohol consumption status [AOR 1.4; 95% CI: 1.07–2.53] were the identified factors of diabetes related distress. Conclusion Diabetes related distress was highly prevalent in type 2 diabetes patients. Healthcare providers need to address this through integrating psychosocial care with collaborative medical care.

Low Social Support and Risk for Depression in People With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

“…The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale (n=3) [ 25 - 27 ], Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (n=3) [ 29 - 31 ], and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (n=3) [ 28 , 32 , 35 ] were most often used to measure depression. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (n=1) [ 34 ] and the Zung Self Depression Rating Scale (n=1) [ 33 ] were used in the remaining studies. Social support was assessed by various questionnaires including the Oslo Social Support Scale (n=2) [ 30 , 32 ], Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) (n=2) [ 27 , 33 ], Social Provision Scale (n=1) [ 25 ], and other validated questionnaires (n=6) [ 26 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 34 , 35 ].…”

“…The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (n=1) [ 34 ] and the Zung Self Depression Rating Scale (n=1) [ 33 ] were used in the remaining studies. Social support was assessed by various questionnaires including the Oslo Social Support Scale (n=2) [ 30 , 32 ], Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS) (n=2) [ 27 , 33 ], Social Provision Scale (n=1) [ 25 ], and other validated questionnaires (n=6) [ 26 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 34 , 35 ]. T2DM was assessed using the self-report of physician-diagnosed diabetes (n= 2) and administrative data or medical records (n= 9).…”

“…The 11 articles were published up to August 2021 and involved a total of 3156 participants. Two studies were conducted in the United States [25,26], 2 in Saudi Arabia [27,28], 6 in Africa (5 in Ethiopia and 1 in Nigeria) [29][30][31][32][33][34], and 1 in Thailand [35]. All included studies were cross-sectional.…”

“…Social Provision Scale (n =1) [25], and other validated questionnaires (n=6) [26,28,29,31,34,35]. T2DM was assessed using the self-report of physician-diagnosed diabetes (n= 2) and administrative data or medical records (n= 9).…”

Factors Associated with Diabetes-Related Distress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…7 Female gender and depression were the only factors identified in the meta-analysis of Perrin et al as being associated with DRD, but a plethora of other factors emerged from the literature such as age, body mass index (BMI), glycemic control, duration of diabetes, lifestyle habits, treatment regimens, level of education etc. 7,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] DRD has important health-related consequences such as worse glycemic outcomes, poorer medication adherence and diabetes self-care, and poorer quality of life. 5,17 A recent study reported that in patients with T2DM, depressive symptoms were associated with lower self-management behavior and higher glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), while DRD was associated with higher HbA1c, suggesting that patients with both depression and DRD might have worse outcomes.…”