Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson Disease and Impact on Quality of Life: A Community-Based Study in Spain

Abstract

Background: Identifying neuropsychiatric disorders is essential for prompt treatment to reduce morbidity. Among these disorders, anxiety and depression have been frequently associated with Parkinson disease (PD), particularly among elderly population. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression in a series of community-based PD cases in Spain, their relationship with different clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, and quality of life. Methods: This is an observational, descriptive, survey-based study with 95 community-based patients with PD diagnosis at different disease stages. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory II, respectively. Quality of life was assessed using the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire 39. Results: The prevalence of depression and anxiety was 32.63% and 68.42%, respectively. Concomitant depression and anxiety were observed in 31.58% of patients. Patients with longer than 10 years’ PD duration had an increased risk of depression. We found a relationship between the presence of anxiety, depression, and the patient’s quality of life. Conclusions: Depression is present in one-third and anxiety in two-thirds of PD cases in community settings in Spain. Depression and anxiety have a very negative impact on quality of life in PD. Both anxiety and depression are independent from sociodemographic characteristics, patient’s comorbidities, or antiparkinsonian treatments; presenting as intrinsic symptoms in PD.

Depression and anxiety among patients with Parkinson’s disease: frequency, risk factors, and impact on quality of life

“…This is in line with prevalence of anxiety among patients with PD by Broen et al and Leentjens et al ranging from 24.5 to 46.7 with GAD as the most common single disorder and 31.1% having mixed anxiety disorder [34,35]. In Egypt, Ragab and colleagues report anxiety prevalence around 30% [27], while in Spain and France the prevalence was 68.7% and 51%, respectively [30,31]. On the other hand, a Chinese study found the prevalence was much lower than others around 25.8% [36].…”

“…On the other hand, Ragab and colleagues found the prevalence at 47.5% [27]. Across literature, several studies [7,[28][29][30][31] found the prevalence of depression in PD was ranging from 32.6 to 41%. A systematic review conducted by Reijnders et al reported that 17% and 22% of PD patients had MDD and minor depression, respectively [32].…”

Incidence of anxiety in epilepsy during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic

“…Complete description of the study was provided to participants before entering the survey by telephone call. The patients who had any medical history of psychosis or a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of ≤ 12 were excluded from the study [8]. For the control group, the questionnare was broadcasted over Wechat public messenger platform, commonly used in the country.…”

The Role of Alpha-Synuclein and Other Parkinson’s Genes in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders

“…Patients with ASD show a prevalence of anxiety in 39.6% [ 45 ], depression in ~30% [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ], and OCD in 17.4% of cases. In PD, the prevalence of anxiety is described in 65–68.42% [ 50 , 51 ], depression in 13.8–56% [ 50 , 51 , 52 ], OCD in 37.5% (drug naïve) [ 53 ], and impulse control behavior (ICB) in 17.1–28.6% [ 54 , 55 ] of patients with PD. ICB in PD is illustrated by gambling, compulsive eating, punding, excessive shopping, or hypersexuality.…”