Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection Among Domestic Cats in the Tokyo Metropolitan District, Japan

Arai, Hideto; Fukuda, Yutaka; Hara, Tatsuko; Funakoshi, Yasuyuki; Kaneko, Satoko; Yoshida, Takeo; Asahi, Hiroko; Kumada, M.; Kato, Keiko; Koyama, Tsutomu

doi:10.7883/yoken1952.43.7

Cited by 40 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…(9.8%) and Cryptosporidium spp. (4.7%) observed in the 344 shelter cats were consistent with those of previous studies 10, 25 and within the 2.4% 12 to 14% 11 for Giardia spp. and the 2.0 % 12 to 12.3% 13 for Cryptosporidium spp.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Comparison of Direct Immunofluorescence, Immunoassays, and Fecal Flotation for Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Naturally Exposed Cats in 4 Northern California Animal Shelters

Mekaru

Marks

Felley

et al. 2007

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. are common intestinal protozoan parasites in domestic cats. Few studies have critically evaluated the performance characteristics of commercially available immunoassays for detection of these organisms in the cat.Hypothesis: Human-based immunoassays are suboptimal for the detection of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in cats. Animals: Three-hundred-and-forty-four cats with diarrheic and nondiarrheic fecal specimens at 4 northern California animal shelters.Methods: A fecal specimen was collected from each cat in a case-controlled fashion. Fecal specimens were tested for Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. by using centrifugation flotation and 5 commercially available immunoassays (SNAP Giardia, ProSpecT Giardia Microplate Assay, ProSpecT Cryptosporidium Microplate Assay, ImmunoCard STAT! Cryptosporidium/ Giardia Rapid Assay, and Xpect Giardia/Cryptosporidium). Results were compared with a reference standard, the MeriFluor direct immunofluorescence assay.Results: Overall prevalences of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. were 9.8 and 4.7%, respectively. The ProSpecT Microplate Assay had the highest sensitivities and specificities for Giardia spp. (91.2 and 99.4%) and Cryptosporidum spp. (71.4 and 96.7%), respectively. The SNAP Giardia antigen assay was easier to use and equally sensitive (85.3%) and specific (100%) to fecal flotation.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Caution should be exercised when using human-based immunoassays for the diagnosis of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in cats. Fecal flotation remains a useful method for detection of Giardia spp., can be used to detect other parasites, and has a sensitivity of 97.8% for detection of Giardia spp. when combined with the SNAP Giardia immunoassay.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Comparison of Direct Immunofluorescence, Immunoassays, and Fecal Flotation for Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Naturally Exposed Cats in 4 Northern California Animal Shelters

Mekaru

Marks

Felley

et al. 2007

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…43 Based on the results of the fecal flotation, Cryptosporidium was detected at a slightly higher rate (3.8%) than Salmonella or Campylobacter. The prevalence is consistent with that found in a study of cats in Tokyo (3.8%), 24 in client-owned and shelter cats in Colorado (2.0%), 14 and for pet cats in an urban area of Australia (1.2%). 44 However, this prevalence is slightly lower than that found in nonferal cats tested in Scotland (5.2%), but many of the cats in the Scottish study were referrals to a university veterinary hospital and diagnoses were often based on postmortem examination.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…With the exception of this 1 study, most previous studies on the prevalence of Salmonella in cats predate 1980 [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] and recent prevalence studies on Cryptosporidium and Campylobacter have been conducted primarily outside the United States. [22][23][24][25][26][27] Also, some previous studies suggested that the prevalence of these organisms may vary with the environmental risks of cats and that young cats may be at higher risk than mature cats. 19,23,26 To better assess the risks associated with ownership of young cats, we conducted a study to determine the prevalence of 5 groups of potentially zoonotic enteric infections (Salmonella sp., Campylobacter sp., Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia sp., and Toxocara cati) in fecal samples from cats under 1 year of age that were either housed in humane shelters or presented to primary-care veterinarians in central New York State.…”

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Enteric Zoonotic Agents in Cats less than 1 Year Old in Central New York State

et al. 2001

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A prevalence study of several enteric zoonotic bacterial and parasitic infections was conducted in 263 fecal samples from cats that were between 1 and 12 months old, and that were in humane shelters (n ϭ 149) or were presented to primary-care veterinarians (n ϭ 114). Of these samples, 2 (0.8%) were positive for Campylobacter, 2 (0.8%) were positive for Salmonella, and 10 (3.8%) were positive for Cryptosporidium, confirming that these zoonotic agents are relatively rare in cats. Toxocara cati (33.0%) and Giardia (7.3%) were found more commonly. At least 1 zoonotic agent was detected in 105 samples (40.7%). Our results suggest that clinical signs such as diarrhea are not reliable predictors of whether a cat is actively shedding enteric organisms. Therefore, the decision to test a newly adopted cat should be based on the potential risks to the client rather than on the cat's clinical presentation. The high prevalence of T. cati confirms that comprehensive testing or treatment for ascarids is warranted in newly adopted kittens.

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“…The present study showed that 2.4% of the cats were shedding Cryptosporidium oocysts. Although the infection rate of cats in this study was lower than those reported in other studies, 25,26 cats may play an important role in the transmission of disease in terms of cat-human contact or environmental contamination by shedding oocysts. In Brazil, animals serve as a reservoir of Cryptosporidium, with the potential for contamination of immediate household water sources.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Cryptosporidiosis in Indonesia: a hospital-based study and a community-based survey.

Katsumata¹,

Hosea²,

Wasito³

et al. 1998

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Hospital-based and community-based studies were conducted to understand the prevalence and mode of transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Surabaya, Indonesia. In both studies people with and without diarrhea were examined for oocysts. A community-based survey included questionnaires to a community and stool examination of cats. Questionnaires covered demographic information, health status, and hygienic indicators. In the hospital, C. parvum oocysts were found in 26 (2.8%) of 917 patients with diarrhea and 15 (1.4%) of 1,043 control patients. The most susceptible age was less than two years old. The prevalence was higher during the rainy season. A community-based study again showed that C. parvum oocysts were frequently detected in diarrhea samples (8.2%), exclusively during rainy season. Thirteen (2.4%) of 532 cats passed C. parvum oocysts. A multiple logistic regression model indicated that contact with cats, rain, flood, and crowded living conditions are significant risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection.The protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum is now recognized as an important cause of diarrhea in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. A number of surveys carried out in recent years have described the worldwide distribution of Cryptosporidium. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection is higher among children than among adults and is more common in developing countries than in developed countries. 1-10 Infection occurs by ingestion of oocysts either through human-to-human or animal-to-human contact, or via contaminated water. 5,6,[11][12][13][14][15][16] Despite its wide distribution and obvious relevance to public health, Cryptosporidium remains a little-studied protozoan in Indonesia. The present studies were undertaken to 1) assess the importance of Cryptosporidium in the causation of acute diarrhea among patients of all age groups who visited a hospital, and 2) understand the community prevalence and the mode of transmission of Cryptosporidium infection in Surabaya, Indonesia. MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy population and sample collection. Hospital-based study. Observations were made over a period of one year from August 1992 to July 1993 at the Dr. Soetomo Hospital, which is part of the University of Airlanaga in Surabaya. The hospital has 1,466 beds. During the study period, 92,061 patients visited the hospital and 41,622 patients were admitted. At total of 3,892 of 41,622 in-patients and 1,982 of 50,439 out-patients had diarrhea. The study population consisted of 917 patients with acute diarrhea: 715 in-patients and 202 out-patients. A group of 1,043 in-patients selected during the study period served as controls; none of these patients had any gastrointestinal problems. A stool specimen was collected from each patient within 24 hr of visiting the hospital.Community-based study. The studies were conducted in eight communities in Surabaya during the rainy season (December 1992 to March 1993) and dry season (June to July 1993). The total ...

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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection Among Domestic Cats in the Tokyo Metropolitan District, Japan

Cited by 40 publications

References 8 publications

Comparison of Direct Immunofluorescence, Immunoassays, and Fecal Flotation for Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Naturally Exposed Cats in 4 Northern California Animal Shelters

Comparison of Direct Immunofluorescence, Immunoassays, and Fecal Flotation for Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Naturally Exposed Cats in 4 Northern California Animal Shelters

Prevalence of Enteric Zoonotic Agents in Cats less than 1 Year Old in Central New York State

Cryptosporidiosis in Indonesia: a hospital-based study and a community-based survey.

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