Prevalence of cervical infection with HPV type 16 and 18 in Vietnam: implications for vaccine campaign

Abstract

BackgroundThe Expanded Program on Immunization currently considers offering Human Papilomavirus vaccine on a routine basis in Vietnam. However, as the current available vaccine can prevent only two types HPV 16 and 18, before implementing a large-scale vaccine campaign we need information about the prevalence of infection with only HPV 16 and 18 in Viet Nam. This study was done in 5 large cities in Vietnam to estimate the prevalence of HPV 16 and/or 18 infections and to explore the distribution of other high risk types of HPV among married women in these provinces.MethodsThe study employed a cross-sectional design with multistage sampling. The sample size included 4500 married women in two rounds (aged ranged from 18-69 years old, median age: 40 year old). Participant were randomly selected, interviewed and given gynaecological examinations. HPV infection status (by real-time PCR kit using TaqMan probe) and HPV genotyping test (by Reverse dot blot) were done for all participants.ResultsThe prevalence of cervical infection with HPV type 16 and/or 18 among married women in this study ranged from 3.1% to 7.4%. Many positive HPV cases (ranged from 24.5% to 56.8%) were infected with other type of high risk HPV which can lead to cervical cancer and cannot prevented by currently available vaccines. In addition to HPV 16 and/or 18, most common types of high risk HPV were types 58, 52, 35 and 45. Awareness about HPV and HPV vaccines was still low in the study samples.DiscussionWhile it is relevant to implement an HPV vaccine campaign in Viet Nam, it is important to note that one can be infected with multiple types of HPV. Vaccination does not protected against all type of high risk HPV types. Future vaccine campaigns should openly disclose this information to women receiving vaccines.ConclusionHigh prevalence of infection with HPV high risk types was observed in this study. As HPV infection has a high correlation with cervical cancer, this study emphasizes the need for both primary prevention of cervical cancer with HPV vaccines as well as secondary prevention with screening.

Prevalence of Cervical Infection and Genotype Distribution of Human Papilloma Virus Among Females in Da Nang, Vietnam

“…There are a number of variants such as monovalent (HPV16), bivalent (HPV16 and 18), quadrivalent (HPV6, 11, 16 and 18) and nonavalent (HPV6, 11,16,18,31,33, 45, 52 and 58) vaccines (5,6). In Vietnam, the measures for cervical cancer prevention include, primary screening for HPV and vaccination against HPV (7). It has been shown that there are differences in the genotype distribution in women with multiple HPV infections not only among women of different ethnicity but also women from different regions (8).…”

“…Knowledge about the type-specific distribution and the prevalence of HPV cervical infection in women from diverse areas and ethnicity is a prerequisite for the planning of an efficient and adequate screening and vaccination strategy with the best possible outcome. Some studies have been conducted within Vietnam, especially in Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi (7,(9)(10)(11), but also in populations from Thai Nguyen, Hue and Can Tho (9). These studies showed a prevalence of high-risk HPV infection, ranging between 2-11%.…”

Genome-Wide Prediction of Human Papilloma Virus Specific T-Cell Epitopes Using a Combination of Matrix Based Computational Tools

“…E7-LLMGTLGIV82-90 was known to induce the cellular response in HLA A2.1 rabbit model [39] and reduced tumor burden in aged mice [40]. E6-KLPDLCTEL13-22 [41] and E7-TLQDIVLHL [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] One of the predicted peptides, QLFVTVVDT [42] were proved to be CTL epitopes for HPV 18.…”

“…Currently, two vaccines (Ceravix and Gardasil) are commercially administrated to prevent HPV infection [46]. These preventative vaccines are mainly used for protection against HPV type 16, 18, 6 and 11 [7]. Administration of these vaccines in some cases leads to severe side effects [8].…”

Identification of Frequent Promoter Methylation of Death-Associated Protein Kinase in Liquid-Based Papanicolaous Test Samples in Vietnamese Population

“…Among high-risk HPV genotypes, HPV-16 and-18, which is identified as the common high-risk HPV genotypes and being the key role for the majority of cervical cancer (CC), counting for approximately 70.0% [5][6][7][8][9]. In Vietnam, the prevalence of cervical infection with HPV-16 and/or-18 among women was ranged from 3.1% to 7.4% [10]. Notably, the infection of high-risk HPV genotypes is considered as not exclusive prerequisites for cervical carcinogenesis [11].…”