Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Middle-Aged and Elderly Population of a Nigerian Rural Community

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) causes of worldwide preventable morbidity and mortality. CVDs are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developing countries, and rates are expected to rise over the next few decades. The prevalence of CVD risk factors is dramatically increasing in low-and middle-income African countries, particularly in urban areas. We carried out a cross-sectional population-based survey in Imezi-Owa, a rural community in South East Nigeria to estimate the prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors in both men and women aged 40–70 years. A total of 858 individuals made up of 247 (28.8%) males and 611 (71.2%) females were recruited. The mean age of the subjects was 59.8 ± 9.9 years. The prevalence of the different cardiovascular risk factors among the 858 subjects was as follows: hypertension 398 (46.4%) subjects, generalized obesity as determined by BMI 257 (30%) subjects, abdominal obesity 266 (31%) subjects, dysglycaemia 38 (4.4%) subjects and hypercholesterolaemia 32 (3.7%) subjects. Prevalence of hypertension and dysglycaemia was higher in men while the others were higher in women. Only hypertension (P = .117) and hypercholesterolaemia (P = .183) did not reveal any significant association with gender. Prevalence of CVD risk factors was highest in subjects aged 65 to 70 years.

Differences by sex in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glycaemia and impaired glucose tolerance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…3,7 Compared with the corresponding men, women in Cameroon 8 , South Africa 9 and Uganda 10 were indeed found to have higher prevalences of diabetes mellitus. However, women in Ghana, 11 Nigeria, 12 Sierra Leone 13 and rural areas of the United Republic of Tanzania 14 were found to have lower prevalences of diabetes mellitus than the men in the same study areas. No significant differences between men and women in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus were detected in studies in Guinea, 15 Mali, 16 Sudan 17 and urban areas of the United Republic of Tanzania, 18 or in a meta-analysis of data collected in several studies in West Africa.…”

Blood pressure, prevalence of hypertension and hypertension related complications in Nigerian Africans: A review

“…Figure 1 is a summary of the selection process. These cross-sectional studies were published between 1960 and 2012 in 12 of the 36 states of Nigeria: Oyo [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] , Enugu [23][24][25][26][27] , Lagos [28,29] , Osun [30,31] , Edo [32][33][34][35] , Cross-River [36,37] , Akwa-Ibom [37] , Rivers [38] , Kastina [39] , Sokoto [40] , Borno [41] and Abia [42] . Three of the studies involved more than one state [37,43] .…”

“…Earlier studies used 160/95 mmHg (occasionally 160/90 mmHg) while the most recent ones used 140/90 mmHg as a cut off mark for the diagnosis of hypertension. The age structure in most of the studies is essentially middle age and represents the age structure of the Nigerian population, except in few studies that purely targeted middle age or elderly populations [15,23] . In many of the studies, the prevalence of hypertension was higher in men than in women at least up to the age of 40 years when the prevalence equalized [9,10,26,32] .…”

“…Akinkugbe et al [9] 1968 Wrote on arterial blood pressure in rural Nigerians in Eruwa 7 Akinkugbe [58] 1969 Reported on the hypertensives diseases in Ibadan , Nigeria 8 Akinkugbe [60] 1969 Wrote on antihypertensive therapy in the African context 9 Ojo et al [83] 1969 Studied hypertension in pregnancy 10 Akinkugbe [59] 1969 Reported on the result of his survey of blood pressures in school children 11 Cole et al [63] 1970 First documented drug trial (Declinax) in hypertensive Nigerians 12 Brockington [84] 1971 Reported on postpartum hypertensive heart failure 13 Johnson [52] 1971 Reported on his study of blood pressure in rural areas around Lagos 14 Carlisle [85] 1971 Reported on the remission of hypertension in some Nigerians 15 Salako [64] 1971 First trial of oral thiazides 16 Salako [65] 1971 Reported on serum electrolytes in hypertensive Nigerians 17 Salako [66] 1972 Reported on electrolyte changes following thiazide therapy in hypertensive Nigerians 18 Osuntokun et al [73,74] 1972 Seminal work on hypertension in diabetic Nigerians 19 Salako et al [67] 1973 Evaluated the usefulness of Moduretic in the treatment of hypertension in Nigerians 20 Akinkugbe et al [61] 1974 Reported on the experience with beta blockers in hypertension management 21 Aderele [86] 1974 Documented on hypertension in Nigerian children 22 Akinkugbe [87] 1976 Studied blood pressure in non-pregnant women 23 Falase et al [70] 1976 Demonstrated lack of effect of low dose prazosin in hypertensive Nigerians 24 Etta et al [88] 1976 Assessed the relation of blood pressure to indices of obesity 25 Olatunbosun et al [89] 1976 Evaluated the relation of blood pressure to heavy metals 26 Jain et al [90] 1977 Reported on the incidence of hypertension in Abuth Zaria 27 Akinkugbe et al [62] 1977 Conducted a biracial study of blood pressure in school children 28 Olatunde et al [91] 1977 Trial of beta blockers in hypertensive Nigerians 29 Osuntokun et al [75,…”

Assessment of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Comparison of Risk Indices

“…Patients with type II diabetes have 2 -4 times higher risk of experiencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) than adults without diabetes [9,10] and their relative risk for CVD is about twice as high [11] much of which may be preventable with appropriate treatment of dyslipidemia. The prevalence of CVD risk factors is dramatically increasing in low-and middle-income African countries, particularly in urban areas [12].…”