Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression among Outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes in the Mexican Population

Abstract

BackgroundDepression and anxiety are common in diabetic patients; however, in recent years the frequency of these symptoms has markedly increased worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the frequency and factors associated with depression and anxiety, since they can be responsible for premature morbidity, mortality, risk of developing comorbidities, complications, suffering of patients, as well as escalation of costs. We studied the frequency of depression and anxiety in Mexican outpatients with type 2 diabetes and identified the risk factors for depression and anxiety.Methods and FindingsWe performed a study in 820 patients with type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of depression and anxiety was estimated using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, respectively. We calculated the proportions for depression and anxiety and, after adjusting for confounding variables, we performed multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regressions to evaluate the combined effect of the various factors associated with anxiety and depression among persons with type 2 diabetes. The rates for depression and anxiety were 48.27% (95% CI: 44.48–52.06) and 55.10% (95% CI: 51.44–58.93), respectively. Occupation and complications in diabetes were the factors associated with anxiety, whereas glucose level and complications in diabetes were associated with depression. Complications in diabetes was a factor common to depression and anxiety (p<0.0001; OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.29–2.4).ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that a large proportion of diabetic patients present depression and/or anxiety. We also identified a significant association between complications in diabetes with depression and anxiety. Interventions are necessary to hinder the appearance of complications in diabetes and in consequence prevent depression and anxiety.

Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in Diabetic Patients: A Comparative Study

“…The prevalence of anxiety in the current study was higher than other studies; for example, in a study conducted in Mexico, the prevalence of anxiety in diabetic patients was 52.9% (25). Regarding the difference in the prevalence of anxiety and depression, it can be stated that anxiety and depression have epidemic progress and this trend emerges in the shape of the society's mental characteristics (26).…”

Anxiety and diabetes: Innovative approaches to management in primary care

“…Prevalence rates of clinically significant anxiety among individuals with diabetes range from 14% in a comprehensive review 6 to 55.10% in a Mexican population. 20 One study found that clinically significant anxiety was 20% higher among Americans with diabetes, compared to Americans without diabetes, after controlling for age, smoking, education, employment, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and marital status. 21 Additionally, rates of GAD and phobias are considerably higher among diabetic populations when compared to community samples.…”

Impacto de un programa cuerpomente, basado en ejercicios de fisioterapia y técnicas psicológicas, en el bienestar psíquico de una población de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2

“…Recientes estudios muestran que en los pacientes con diabetes, el riesgo de sufrir algún tipo de malestar psicológico con síntomas de depresión y ansiedad es aproximadamente el doble que en la población normal (Buchberger et al, 2016;Tovilla-Zárate et al, 2012;Trento et al, 2012).…”

“…Dichos síntomas parecen tener relación con otras condiciones y circunstancias de la diabetes; así, la ansiedad se asocia con dificultades en el autotratamiento de la enfermedad (Fisher et al, 2010) y la aparición de polineuropatía diabética periférica, los indicadores de severidad de la misma, los síntomas asociados y la repercusión de esta complicación en las actividades de la vida cotidiana ocasionan con el tiempo un incremento de los síntomas depresivos (Vileikyte et al, 2009). Además, las complicaciones de la diabetes, en general, se asocian tanto con síntomas de ansiedad como de depresión (Chien & Lin, 2016;Tovilla-Zárate et al, 2012). Por todo ello, parecen existir factores relacionados con la enfermedad y sus repercusiones funcionales que contribuyen al desarrollo de malestar psíquico; estos factores deben ser tenidos en cuenta a la hora de plantear intervenciones que mejoren dicho malestar en estas poblaciones (González et al, 2011;Usán, Salavera, Murillo, & Mejías, 2016;Vidal-Peracho et al, 2014).…”