Prevalence of and risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis among newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected Nigerian children

Ebonyi, Augustine O.; Oguche, Stephen; Ejeliogu, Emeka; Agbaji, Oche; Shehu, Nathan Y.; Abah, Isaac Okoh; Sagay, Atiene S.; Ugoagwu, Placid; Okonkwo, Prosper; Idoko, John; Kanki, Phyllis J.

doi:10.11599/germs.2016.1085

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The findings indicate a significantly high burden of active and need for immediate attention to meet the targets set by the End TB Strategy to achieved the goal of a 90% reduction should to be (≤ 10 TB cases per 100,000 population) by 3035 requires urgent action [ 1 , 2 ]. Conversely, this report is lower than the previous meta-analysis finding 15% in middle-income countries [ 43 , 44 ] and 32% meta-analysis reported in Nigeria [ 45 ]. The variation in the pooled estimate of active TB among the included studies may be attributed to differences in study time TB control measures, and variations among the studies in Nigeria and in Ethiopia [ 46 ].Also the variation in healthcare infrastructure, treatment practices, and regional differences also influence pooled prevalence rates.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 87%

Proportion of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected children after antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Kebede Bizuneh,

Tsegaye,

Negese Gemeda

et al. 2024

PLOS Glob Public Health

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Despite effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy in reducing mortality of opportunistic infections among HIV infected children, however tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant cause for morbidity and attributed for one in every three deaths. HIV-infected children face disproportionate death risk during co-infection of TB due to their young age and miniatures immunity makes them more vulnerable. In Ethiopia, there is lack of aggregated data TB and HIV mortality in HIV infected children. We conducted an extensive systematic review of literature using Preferred Reporting of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline. Five electronic databases were used mainly Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Google scholar for articles searching. The pooled proportion of TB was estimated using a weighted inverse variance random-effects meta-regression using STATA version-17. Heterogeneity of the articles was evaluated using Cochran’s Q test and I2 statistic. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity test, and Egger’s regression were conducted for publication bias. This met-analysis is registered in Prospero-CRD42024502038. In the final met-analysis report, 13 out of 1221 articles were included and presented. During screening of 6668 HIV-infected children for active TB occurrence, 834 cases were reported after ART was initiated. The pooled proportion of active TB among HIV infected children was found 12.07% (95% CI: 10.71–13.41). In subgroup analysis, the Oromia region had 15.6% (95%CI: 10.2–20.6) TB burden, followed by southern Ethiopia 12.8% (95%CI: 10.03–15.67). During meta-regression, missed isoniazid Preventive therapy (IPT) (OR: 2.28), missed contrimoxazole preventive therapy (OR: 4.26), WHO stage III&IV (OR: 2.27), and level of Hgb ≤ 10gm/dl (OR = 3.11.7) were predictors for active TB. The systematic review found a higher proportion of active TB in HIV-infected children in Ethiopia compared to estimated rates in end TB strategy. To prevent premature death during co-infection, implement effective TB screening and cases tracing strategies in each follow up is needed.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 87%

Proportion of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected children after antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Kebede Bizuneh,

Tsegaye,

Negese Gemeda

et al. 2024

PLOS Glob Public Health

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“…We have previously described elsewhere 10 the prevalence and the risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis in this cohort of PTB-HIV co-infected children at the time of diagnosis and enrollment into care. This present study now focuses on the factors that could impact their mortality as they are being followed-up while on ART and ATT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality among pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV-1 co-infected Nigerian children being treated for pulmonary tuberculosis and on antiretroviral therapy: a retrospective cohort study

Ebonyi

Oguche

Agbaji

et al. 2016

GERMS

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Background Mortality data, including the risk factors for mortality in HIV-infected children with pulmonary TB (PTB) being treated for PTB and who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART), are scarce in Nigeria. We determined the mortality rate and risk factors for mortality among such children, at the pediatric HIV clinic of the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH) in Jos, Nigeria.Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study on 260 PTB-HIV-1 co-infected children, aged 2 months to 13 years, being treated for PTB and on ART from July 2005 to March 2013. The mortality rate and associated risk factors were determined using multivariate Cox proportional hazards modelling.Results The mortality rate for the study cohort was 1.4 per 100 child-years of follow-up. Median follow-up time was 5.2 years (IQR, 3.5-6.0 years) with total study time being 1159 child-years. The median age of those who died was lower than that of survivors, 1.9 years (IQR, 0.6-3.6 years) versus 3.8 years (IQR, 1.8-6.0 years), p=0.005). The majority of the deaths occurred in males (13, 81.2%), those <5 years of age (14, 87.4%) and those who had severe immunosuppression (11, 68.8%). Risk factors for death were age (with the risk of dying decreasing by 25% for every 1 year increase in age, adjusted hazard ratio ( Conclusion In our clinic setting, mortality among our PTB-HIV co-infected children being treated for PTB and on ART was low. However, those presenting with severe immunosuppression and who are males and very young, should be monitored more closely during follow-up in order to further reduce mortality.

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“…States with the highest burden of TB in the country include Kano, Kaduna, Katsina, Lagos, Oyo, Benue, Rivers and Akwa Ibom while Ekiti, Kwara, Jigawa and Abia are states with the lowest burden of active TB in the country. [6][7][8][9][10][11] The effort by the national and states TB control programmes through advocacy, sensitization, public enlightenment, contact tracing, free testing and free drug treatment all appear not to have yielded the desired results. This is in addition to support from both foreign and local donor agencies in logistics, drugs, reagents, capacity building among others.…”

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confidence: 99%

Global Tuberculosis Burden: Is Nigeria Losing The War?

Jombo

Mbaave

2018

J BioMed Res Clin Pract

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Tuberculosis, an old disease has claimed several millions of lives over several thousands of years in the past and at present is still a global disease. Although several countries of the world have put the disease under control in their own domain, the disease is still endemic in most parts of Asia and Africa who presently harbour over 70% of the total global burden of the disease. Nigeria presently records at least 320,000 new cases of TB every year and is the most endemic on the continent. With the increasing social instability in the country leading to the upsurge of internally displaced persons (IDPs), and establishment of several refugee camps, control of the disease has become more complicated. The ongoing TB control programme in the country should also specifically target the IDPs so as to avert a potential explosion of the disease with catastrophic consequences.

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Prevalence of and risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis among newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected Nigerian children

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

Proportion of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected children after antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Proportion of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected children after antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Mortality among pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV-1 co-infected Nigerian children being treated for pulmonary tuberculosis and on antiretroviral therapy: a retrospective cohort study

Global Tuberculosis Burden: Is Nigeria Losing The War?

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