Prevalence of amblyopia and refractive errors among primary school children

Rajavi, Zhale; Sabbaghi, Hamideh; Baghini, Ahmad Shojaei; Yaseri, Mehdi; Moein, Hamid-Reza; Akbarian, Shadi; Behradfar, Narges; Hosseini, Simin; Mohammad-Rabei, Hossein; Sheibani, Kourosh

doi:10.4103/2008-322x.176909

Cited by 68 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…During further analysis, the spherical values agreed well with the emmetropia group ( P = 0.33) compared with the hyperopia group ( P < 0.0001). Regarding the cylindrical results, several researchers agreed with the consistency of the cylindrical power between the device and CR 13, 15 , whereas others did not 16, 17 . In the present study, the plusoptiX overestimated the the cylindrical power in all groups, thus resulting in the partial or total underestimation of SE (all P < 0.0001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…The plusoptiX has been reported by the majority of studies to underestimate children’s refractive error and to have higher accuracy in myopic children than hyperopic children 13–15 . In the present study, the plusoptiX A12C led to a considerable shift towards myopic values (0.45 D), particularly in the hyperopia group (1.62 D), because of normal accommodation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pediatric vision screening using the plusoptiX A12C photoscreener in Chinese preschool children aged 3 to 4 years

Huang

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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This study evaluated the performance of plusoptiX A12C in detecting amblyopia risk factors (ARFs) in Chinese children aged 3-to-4-year. PlusoptiX examination was successfully conducted among 1,766 subjects without cycloplegia to detect refractive error, asymmetry and media opacity. Cycloplegic retinoscopy (CR) was conducted on 357 children suspected of having vision abnormalities. Statistical differences between CR and the device were confirmed using the mean spherical value (+1.41 ± 0.87 D versus +1.14 ± 0.81 D), cylindrical value (−0.47 ± 0.64 versus −0.84 ± 0.78) and spherical equivalent (SE) value (+1.17 ± 0.84 D versus +0.72 ± 0.64 D) (all P < 0.0001). In the emmetropia group, the differences were statistically significant for the cylinder and SE (all P < 0.0001) but not the sphere (P = 0.33). In the hyperopia group, the differences were statistically significant for the sphere, cylinder and SE (all P < 0.0001). For refractive and strabismic ARFs detection, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric vision screening using the plusoptiX A12C photoscreener in Chinese preschool children aged 3 to 4 years

Huang

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…Amblyopia is a unilateral or infrequently bilateral decreased best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) with no organic ocular lesion 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. According to the literature, amblyopia prevalence ranges from 0.70% to 5% in different reports 6, 7, 8, 9.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the literature, amblyopia prevalence ranges from 0.70% to 5% in different reports 6, 7, 8, 9. Authors have found an amblyopia prevalence of 2.30% in primary school children of Tehran, Iran (2013) with a diagnostic criterion of BCVA ≤ 20/40 1 . Anisometropia and strabismus are the most common causes of amblyopia, and in some cases, both of them might be observed simultaneously 1 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of Interactive Binocular Treatment system in amblyopia therapy

Rajavi

Sabbaghi

Sharifi

et al. 2016

Journal of Current Ophthalmology

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PurposeTo determine the role of Interactive Binocular Treatment (I-BiT™) as a complementary method of patching in amblyopia therapy.MethodsIn this randomized clinical trial study, 50 unilateral amblyopic children (25 male/25 female) between 3 and 10 years with either best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≤20/30 in the amblyopic eye or a difference of BCVA ≥ 2 lines between the two eyes were included. They were randomly classified into the case and control groups (25 in each). Patching was recommended in both groups, and cases also received I-BiT™. Cases were asked to play I-BiT™ games through appropriate glasses with conjugate colored filters. Moving and fixed targets were shown to the amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes, respectively. Playing games was continued 20 min in each session for 5 days a week within one month (total time: 6.6 h). Patching was continued for one month more in both groups to evaluate the continuous effect of I-BiT™. BCVA was measured at baseline, one month after beginning I-BiT™, and one month after cessation of I-BiT™.ResultsBCVA of amblyopic eyes in cases and controls were 0.34 ± 0.14 and 0.33 ± 0.17LogMAR at baseline which improved to 0.17 ± 0.14 and 0.26 ± 0.17 at one month, respectively. The difference was significant in each group (p < 0.001 for cases and p = 0.024 for controls) with more improvement in the case group (p < 0.001). One month after cessation of I-BiT™, BCVA difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. There was no case with recurrence of amblyopia.ConclusionBased on our results, I-BiT™ seems to be effective in amblyopia therapy accompanied with patching. We recommend comparing I-BiT™ alone with patching in further studies.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02740725.

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“…Since iris color is a known risk factor for certain eye-related diseases, examining the relationship of iris color with unstudied eye diseases may yield valuable results. Given the high prevalence of refractive errors, amblyopia, and strabismus in Iranian children (15)(16)(17), as well as the lack of study on the relationship of iris color with amblyopia and strabismus, a study in this regard seemed necessary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iris Color Distribution and Its Relation with Refractive Errors, Amblyopia, and Strabismus in Children

et al. 2019

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Background:Despite the presence of various reports regarding the association between iris color and some ocular diseases in adults, there is little evidence of such relation in children. Objectives: Determine the distribution of iris color in seven-year-old children in Iran and its relation with refractive errors, amblyopia, and strabismus. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 3414 seven-year-old school children were selected from six cities through multistage random sampling. The iris color in this study was classified into dark brown, medium brown, light brown, yellow, green, gray, and blue. All subjects were examined for visual acuity, refraction, and binocular vision assessment. Results: Of the 3414 selected samples, 3030 children participated in the study (89% response rate). The prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism was 3.03% (2.30 -3.99), 6.20% (4.40 -8.65), and 17.42% (13.30 -22.48), respectively. Amblyopia was detected in 1.85% (1.10 -3.12) and the prevalence of strabismus was 2.50% (1.86 -3.35). Dark brown was the most common iris color at 52.50% (50.06 -54.93) in boys, 46. 07% (43.49 -48.68) in girls, and 49.50% (47.72 -51.28) in the total sample population. According to logistic regression results, the odds ratio (95% CI) of hyperopia was 0.3 (0.15 -0.6) in those with medium brown iris color and 0.23 (0.1 -0.47) in those with dark brown eyes compared to the group with yellow or green iris colors. Conclusions: Approximately 90% of the studied subjects had dark or medium brown eyes. Given that people with yellow or green eyes are at a higher risk of hyperopia, it is recommended that these individuals be given attention in this regard during screening, and the presence of hyperopia be taken into consideration during refraction examinations for these children.

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Prevalence of amblyopia and refractive errors among primary school children

Cited by 68 publications

References 28 publications

Pediatric vision screening using the plusoptiX A12C photoscreener in Chinese preschool children aged 3 to 4 years

Pediatric vision screening using the plusoptiX A12C photoscreener in Chinese preschool children aged 3 to 4 years

The role of Interactive Binocular Treatment system in amblyopia therapy

Iris Color Distribution and Its Relation with Refractive Errors, Amblyopia, and Strabismus in Children

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