Prevalence, Incidence, Natural History, and Response to Treatment of<i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>Infection among Adolescent Women

Pol, Barbara Van Der; Williams, James A.; Orr, Donald P.; Batteiger, Byron E.; Fortenberry, J. Dennis

doi:10.1086/498217

Cited by 147 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…T. vaginalis prevalence remained higher than that of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae for all age groups except the youngest women (18 to 19 years), for whom C. trachomatis prevalence was highest. This trend agrees with a previous study that reported C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis, and N. gonorrhoeae prevalence rates of 10.1%, 6.0%, and 4.1%, respectively, in women 14 to 17 years old (32) and with results from another study that showed prevalence rates of 11%, 6.3%, and 0%, respectively, in women 13 to 21 years old (16). Rates of T. vaginalis, C. trachomatis, and N. gonorrhoeae coinfection were low (Ͻ1.3%) in the whole population.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and Coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States as Determined by the Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis Nucleic Acid Amplification Assay

et al. 2012

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fOur aim was to determine Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence using the Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis assay (ATV; Gen-Probe) and the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae coinfections in U.S. women undergoing screening for C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae. Discarded urogenital samples from 7,593 women (18 to 89 years old) undergoing C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae screening using the Aptima Combo 2 assay (Gen-Probe) in various clinical settings were tested with ATV. Overall, T. vaginalis, C. trachomatis, and N. gonorrhoeae prevalences were 8.7%, 6.7%, and 1.7%, respectively. T. vaginalis was more prevalent than C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae in all age groups except the 18-to 19-year-old group. The highest T. vaginalis prevalence was in women >40 years old (>11%), while the highest C. trachomatis prevalence (9.2%) and N. gonorrhoeae prevalence (2.2%) were in women <30 years old. Coinfection prevalences were 1.3% for C. trachomatis/T. vaginalis, 0.61% for C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae and N. gonorrhoeae/T. vaginalis, and 0.24% for C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae/T. vaginalis and highest in women <30 years old. T. vaginalis prevalence differed by race/ethnicity, with the highest prevalence in black women (20.2%). T. vaginalis prevalence ranged from 5.4% in family planning clinics to 22.3% in jails. Multivariate analysis determined that ages of >40 years, black race, and patient locations were significantly associated with T. vaginalis infection. T. vaginalis is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in women of >40 years, while C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae prevalence is lowest in that age group. Higher T. vaginalis prevalence in women of >40 years is probably attributed to the reason for testing, i.e., symptomatic status versus routine screening in younger women. Coinfections were relatively low. High T. vaginalis prevalence in all age groups suggests that women screened for C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae, whether asymptomatic or symptomatic, should be screened for T. vaginalis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and Coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States as Determined by the Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis Nucleic Acid Amplification Assay

et al. 2012

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“…The new membrane flow OSOM assay from Genzyme is thought to have excellent sensitivity and specificity, with limited skill required to process and interpret the test, but the test is available for use only on female specimens and may be cost-prohibitive (11). In spite of this, levels of infection have typically been high, with reported overall prevalences ranging from 3% to 58% and an unweighted average across studies of 19.6% (4,6,7,10,15,18,20,24,33,37,60,62,64,69,70,77,90,92,95,99,108). Table 1 lists published reports on the occurrence of T. vaginalis infection among women conducted among U.S. populations from 1964 through 2007.…”

Section: Data On the Prevalence Of T Vaginalis Among Us Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Issues and Considerations Regarding Trichomoniasis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in African-Americans

2009

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SUMMARY Trichomonas vaginalis has long been recognized as one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections. However, it is only in recent years that it has been appreciated that Trichomonas may play a critical role in amplifying human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Given the evidence that T. vaginalis likely promotes HIV infection, the apparent high level of Trichomonas infection in the African-American community is cause for concern. Even if T. vaginalis increases the risk of HIV transmission by a small or modest amount, it translates into a sizable population effect since Trichomonas is so common in this community. Therefore, control of trichomoniasis may represent an important avenue of control for the prevention of HIV transmission, particularly among African-Americans.

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“…of chlamydia and trichomonas among women are quite distinct, with chlamydia prevalence peaking among women 15 to 25 and trichomonas prevalence peaking among women 40 to 49, the burden of trichomonas appears to be substantial even among younger women for whom chlamydial screening is recommended (4)(5)(6)(7)(8). Continued high infection rates for each of these pathogens, despite ongoing screening programs for women, suggest that efforts to reach men may be important to achieve overall population reductions in disease burden.…”

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confidence: 99%

Combined Testing for Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Trichomonas by Use of the BD Max CT/GC/TV Assay with Genitourinary Specimen Types

et al. 2017

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The BD Max CT/GC/TV (MAX) assay is a true multiplex assay for simultaneous detection of chlamydia (CT), gonorrhea (GC), and trichomonas (TV). We evaluated assay performance for women using endocervical and vaginal swabs as well as urine specimens. A total of 1,143 women were tested for CT, GC, and TV and, subsequently, another 847 (1,990 total women) for CT and GC only, with positivity rates for CT, GC, and TV of 7.1%, 2.3%, and 13.5%, respectively. In men, the performance for CT and GC was determined using only urine specimens. TV performance was not assessed in male urine samples. Among men, 181/830 (21.8%) and 108/840 (12.9%) chlamydia and gonorrhea infections, respectively, were identified. Comparator assays included BD ProbeTec Chlamydia trachomatis Q x (CTQ)/Neisseria gonorrhoeae Q x (GCQ), Hologic Aptima Combo 2 (AC2) and Aptima TV (ATV), trichomonas microscopy, and culture. MAX CT sensitivity was 99.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 96.1% to 99.9%), 95.7% (90.8% to 98.0%), 91.5% (85.8% to 95.1%), and 96.1% (92.2% to 98.1%) for vaginal swabs, endocervical swabs, female urine samples, and male urine samples, respectively. MAX GC sensitivity was 95.5% (84.9% to 98.7%), 95.5% (84.9% to 98.7%), 95.7% (85.5% to 99.8%), and 99.1% (94.9% to 99.8%) in the same order. MAX TV sensitivity was 96.1% (91.7% to 98.2%) for vaginal swabs, 93.4% (88.3% to 96.4%) for endocervical swabs, and 92.9% (87.8% to 96.0%) for female urine samples. Specificity for all organisms across all sample types was Ն98.6%. Performance estimates for the MAX assays were consistent with estimates calculated for the comparator assays (all P values were Ͼ0.1). The availability of a CT/GC/TV multiplexed assay on a benchtop instrument with a broad menu has the potential to facilitate local sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing at smaller laboratories and may encourage expanded screening for these highly prevalent infections.

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Prevalence, Incidence, Natural History, and Response to Treatment ofTrichomonas vaginalisInfection among Adolescent Women

Abstract: The incidence of T. vaginalis infection is high among adolescent women; untreated infections may last undetected for 3 months or longer. Reinfection is common. Treatment with oral metronidazole is effective, and T. vaginalis DNA disappears rapidly after treatment.

Cited by 147 publications

References 17 publications

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and Coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States as Determined by the Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis Nucleic Acid Amplification Assay

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and Coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States as Determined by the Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis Nucleic Acid Amplification Assay

Current Issues and Considerations Regarding Trichomoniasis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in African-Americans

Combined Testing for Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Trichomonas by Use of the BD Max CT/GC/TV Assay with Genitourinary Specimen Types

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