Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease in Kuantan, Malaysia

Aljarousha, Mohammed; Rahman, Aziimah Awang Abd; Badarudin, Noor Ezailina; Azemin, Mohd Zulfaezal Che; Awad, Khalid

doi:10.7454/msk.v22i1.8749

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The OR in the current study, however, was higher than the Dubai study, where it was 3.24. In the present study, DED symptom outcomes revealed a significant difference between participants aged 18 years old–30 years old and > 50 years old, which is consistent with previous studies ( 6 , 33 ). In the adjusted model, our data showed that older Gazan participants (aged > 50 years old) had higher Arab-OSDI scores and lower TMH and higher LGS scores than the 18 years old–30 years old age cohort.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The estimated prevalence of DED ranges from 20% to 50% around the globe ( 5 ). The prevalence rate varies so widely in studies because of dissimilarities in the criteria applied for diagnosis, age range, specific regions and types of study populations used ( 6 , 7 ). Cross-sectional studies have noted that the pathology is more common among females, those of advanced age, contact lens users, those with previous refractive or ocular surface surgeries and smokers ( 8 – 11 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease in the South of Palestine

Aljarousha,

Badarudin,

Che Azemin

et al. 2024

MJMS

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Background: The prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) is rising globally and needs to be urgently addressed by medical professionals because it lowers patients’ quality of life. There are as yet no available data in the literature about the prevalence of and risk factors for DED in the Gaza Strip, a gap that the present study seeks to address. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between March and August 2022 in Gaza governorates using a proportional stratified sampling technique. Only Gazan individuals ≥ 18 years old and able to follow the instructions were included. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, which has previously been translated into Arabic and validated, was applied to evaluate DED symptoms. Subjective clinical tests for DED conducted were tear meniscus height (TMH), meibomian gland dysfunctions (MGDs), Marx line (ML), conjunctival Lissamine green staining (LGS), tear film break-up time test (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) and Schirmer II tear test (STT). DED was defined based on an Arab-OSDI score ≥ 13 and at least one positive clinical sign. Results: A total of 426 participants were assessed from four areas (North Gaza Strip, 82; Gaza City, 147; Mid-Zone Gaza Strip, 62; South Gaza Strip, 135). The prevalence of DED in the present study was 31.5% (95% CI: 27.1, 36.1). Age > 50 years old (odds ratio [OR] = 10.45; 95% CI: 2.95, 37.05; P < 0.001), female gender (OR = 3.24; 95% CI: 1.40, 7.52, P = 0.006), menopause or pregnancy (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.25, 5.35; P = 0.03) and pharmacotherapy (artificial tears; OR = 9.91; 95% CI: 2.77, 35.46; P < 0.001) were each associated with DED symptoms. South Gaza Strip (OR = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.12; P < 0.001), unemployed (OR = 11.67; 95% CI: 1.43, 95.44; P = 0.02), non-consumption of caffeine (OR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.88; P = 0.02) and TMH < 0.2 (OR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.02, 3.19; P = 0.04) were associated with TBUT < 5 s. LGS was associated with those > 50 years old (OR = 2.70; 95% CI: 1.38, 5.28; P = 0.004), previous refractive or ocular surface surgeries (OR = 2.97; 95% CI: 1.34, 6.59; P = 0.008) and CFS ≥ 1 (OR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.07, 3.44; P = 0.03). Conclusion: Various aspects of DED were linked with different risk factors, suggesting that DED subtypes have different underlying pathophysiologies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease in the South of Palestine

Aljarousha,

Badarudin,

Che Azemin

et al. 2024

MJMS

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“…5,12 Furthermore, gender is another factor that has been documented to influence TF profile. 6,7 Arab data found altered rate of tear production in women as compared to men, particularly after…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous data have shown that the prevalence of DE ranges from 7% to 33% across the world. 6,7 Researchers likewise suggested that the rates of DE vary widely from one population to another because of different definitions, race diversity, types of clinical diagnostic test used, lifestyle, specific regions and age range. 8,9,10,11 Therefore, the exact percentage of DE is not accurately estimated worldwide.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13,14 Gender (more particularly women), advancing age, wearing of contact lenses (CLs), refractive surgery, smoking, visual display terminal (VDT) or extended smartphone use, watching TV and diabetes mellitus (DM) are known to be risk factors of DE that have been identified in extensive previous reports. 6,7,10,11,15,16 Postmenopausal oestrogen therapy, vitamins A and D deficiency, antihistamines, eye diseases such as pterygium, blinking disorders and different educational and socio-economic status also exaggerate DE symptoms. 17,18,19,20,21 Consequently, the treatment of this condition remains fairly problematic because of the lack of correlation between clinical symptoms and clinical diagnostic tests.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A systematic review on prevalence, risk factors, clinical diagnosis and medical management of dry eye disease in the Arab population

Aljarousha

Badarudin

Azemin

et al. 2021

African Vision and Eye Health

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Background: Dry eye (DE) is a multifactorial disorder that can influence tear production, functional visual acuity and ultimately increase the osmolarity of the tear film. The prevalence of DE ranges from 7% to 33% across the world. However, to the best of our knowledge, the prevalence range of DE in Arab countries is not precisely documented in the literature.Aim: The aim of this article was to determine the prevalence range of DE, investigate the major risk factors of DE and identify the clinical diagnosis and medical management of DE.Method: In this study, only English language articles from 2017 to 2020 were selected. There were 52 articles on prevalence, risk factors, clinical diagnosis and medical management of DE in the Arab population.Results: The prevalence of DE in the Arab population varies in reports, from 10% in the United Arab Emirates (Dubai) to 69% in Palestine (West Bank). Gender difference (DE more in women), wearing of contact lenses, diabetes mellitus and glaucoma were all known to intensify the symptoms of DE. Lastly, there are two approaches to reduce DE in the Arab population, namely, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic methods.Conclusion: The prevalence of DE in the Arab population was relatively high. In addition, the ocular surface disease index is one of the most common tools for the diagnosis of DE, whilst tear break-up time test is the common clinical test used in the Arab reports. Lastly, the most common treatment for DE is artificial tears.

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Risk Factors for Dry Eye in Mainland China: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study

Zhang

Hong

2019

Ophthalmic Epidemiology

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease in Kuantan, Malaysia

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease in the South of Palestine

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease in the South of Palestine

A systematic review on prevalence, risk factors, clinical diagnosis and medical management of dry eye disease in the Arab population

Risk Factors for Dry Eye in Mainland China: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Hospital-Based Study

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