Prevalence and risk factors of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in healthy children attending kindergarten, in district of Arsi Zone, South East, Ethiopia

Abstract

Objective S. pneumoniae responsible for a range of respiratory infections from uncomplicated to severe invasive pneumococcal disease. Nasopharyngeal specimens were collected from children attending kindergarten and aged ≤ 6 years from February, 2017 to June, 2017 to assess the nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of S. pneumoniae . Parents of children interviewed using questionnaire and check list to identify associated factors. An antimicrobial susceptibility test performed using disk diffusion method. Results Overall pneumococcal carriage were 18.4% (88/477). No significant variation in colonization based on sex and age of children. Children living with siblings (1–2) < 6 years in household (adjusted odd ratio = 16.06; 95% confidence interval 6.21–41.55) and > 5 person per household (adjusted odd ratio = 3.27; 95% confidence interval 1.50–7.14) were associated with higher S. pneumoniae carriage. Non- exclusive breast feeding (adjust odd ratio = 6.00; 95% confidence interval 3.33–10.80) and horse cart transportation (adjusted odd ratio = 2.75; 95% confidence interval 1.05–7.22) increases carriage. S. pneumoniae showed 21 (23.9%) resistance to erythromycin, 18 (20.4%) to amoxicillin, 13 (15.0%) to penicillin, and the least 1 (1.1%) to augmentin.

Prevalence of pneumonia and its associated factors among under-five children in East Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Nine studies found significant association between history ARTI and pneumonia among under five children. Of these the highest risk factors, AOR = 17.13(5.01,60.26) Muthumbi et al [40] and lowest risk factor AOR = 1.36(0.26,7.21) Abaye et al [23] compared to those who use non wood item as a source of fuel (Table 3). Regarding heterogeneity test, Galbraith plot showed homogeneity and combining the result of nine studies, the forest plot showed the overall estimate of AOR of history ARTI was considered was 2.62(95%C I: 1.68, 3.56;I 2 = 11.7%;P = 0.337).I-Squared (I 2 ) and P-value also showed homogeneity ( Supplementary Fig.…”

“…Finally, 200 studies were screened for full-text review and, 34 articles with (n = 87,984 patients) were selected for the prevalence and/ or associated factors analysis ( Fig.1). Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the 34 included studies in the systematic review and metaanalysis [10,11,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. 16 studies were found in Ethiopia [10,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]…”

Prevalence of pneumonia and its associated factors among under five children in East Africa. Meta-analysis and systemic review

“…History ARTI 9 studies found significant association between history ARTI was considered and pneumonia among under five children. Of these the highest risk factors, AOR = 17.13(5.01,60.26) Muthumbi et al (37)and lowest risk factor AOR = 1.36(0.26,7.21)Abaye et al (29) compared to those who use non wood item as a source of fuel (Table 3).…”

Prevalence of pneumonia and its associated factors among under five children in East Africa. Meta-analysis and systemic review

“…History ARTI 9 studies found signi cant association between history ARTI was considered and pneumonia among under ve children. Of these the highest risk factors, AOR = 17.13(5.01,60.26) Muthumbi et al (37)and lowest risk factor AOR = 1.36(0.26,7.21)Abaye et al (29) compared to those who use non wood item as a source of fuel (Table 3).…”

“…Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the 34 included studies in the systematic review and metaanalysis (10,11,. 16 studies were found in Ethiopia (10,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34), 8 in Kenya (11,(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40) 23 studies were cross-sectional, while the others used either case-control (n = 9) or cohort (n = 2) study design. Most of the studies 23/34(70.5%) were published between 2015 and 2019.…”