Prevalence and Risk Factors of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Siak, Jay; Tong, Louis; Wong, Wan Ling; Cajucom-Uy, Howard; Rosman, Mohamad; Saw, Seang Mei; Wong, Tien Yin

doi:10.1097/ico.0b013e31823f0977

Cited by 97 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This association, which has also been reported in other population-based studies, 22 must not be explained by a selection bias in male participation, as the low proportion of males in the sample derives not only from a true difference in sex distribution in the population of reference but also from the nonproportionate sampling method used in this study, with the same number of subjects in each stratum. In agreement with clinic-based studies, 23 which tend to select symptomatic patients, no association was found with respect to symptoms (as if a factor increased the symptoms threshold in males or diminished it in females).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

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Prevalence of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in the General Population of Spain

Viso

Rodríguez‐Ares²,

Abelenda³

et al. 2012

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

177

140

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PURPOSE.To describe epidemiologic characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in a general adult population in northwestern Spain. METHODS.A total of 1155 subjects aged 40 years and older were selected by an age-stratified random sample procedure in O Salnés, Spain. A standardized symptoms questionnaire was administered and a comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation, which included ocular surface tests, was carried out. Absent, viscous, or waxy white secretion upon digital expression, lid margin telangiectasia or plugging of the meibomian gland orifices was considered evidence of MGD. The prevalence and associations of asymptomatic and symptomatic MGD, and their effects on the ocular surface, were investigated. ). This prevalence increased with age (P ¼ 0.000) and was higher in males than in females (P ¼ 0.003). The prevalence of symptomatic MGD was 8.6% (95% CI, 6.7-10.9). This prevalence also increased with age (P ¼ 0.000) but was not associated with sex. Abnormal tear breakup time and fluorescein staining prevalence estimates were higher among asymptomatic subjects. After controlling for age and sex, asymptomatic MGD was associated with diabetes (adjusted odds ratio [OR a ] 2.23) and cardiovascular disease (OR a 1.80), and symptomatic MGD with rosacea (OR a 3.50) and rheumatoid arthritis (OR a 16.50). RESULTS.CONCLUSIONS. Asymptomatic MGD is more common than symptomatic MGD. Symptomatology is not associated with secondary damage to the ocular surface. Some systemic diseases may lower whereas others may raise the risk of developing symptoms. Symptom-based approaches do not seem appropriate for MGD estimation. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…20,21 Siak et al 22 found no age differences in a population-based study performed in Singapore. It is conceiv-able that a genetic predisposition of Asians to MGD might determine the high prevalence rates across all age groups observed in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in the General Population of Spain

Viso

Rodríguez‐Ares²,

Abelenda³

et al. 2012

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

177

140

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[63,79-82] Population-based studies indicate that Asians have higher prevalence of MGD, ranging from 60.8% to 69.3% in those aged over 40 years. [83] However, two large population-based studies on Caucasians aged 40 to 97 years, revealed prevalence rates from 3.5% to 19.9%.…”

Section: Methods and Limitations In The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Mementioning

confidence: 99%

Image-guided evaluation and monitoring of treatment response in patients with dry eye disease

Qazi

Aggarwal

Hamrah

2014

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most common ocular disorders worldwide. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of DED are not well understood and thus treating DED has been a significant challenge for ophthalmologists. Most of the currently available diagnostic tests demonstrate low correlation to patient symptoms and have low reproducibility. Recently, sophisticated in vivo imaging modalities have become available for patient care, namely, in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). These emerging modalities are powerful and non-invasive, allowing real-time visualization of cellular and anatomical structures of the cornea and ocular surface. Here we discuss how, by providing both qualitative and quantitative assessment, these techniques can be used to demonstrate early subclinical disease, grade layer-by-layer severity, and allow monitoring of disease severity by cellular alterations. Imaging-guided stratification of patients may also be possible in conjunction with clinical examination methods. Visualization of subclinical changes and stratification of patients in vivo, allows objective image-guided evaluation of tailored treatment response based on cellular morphological alterations specific to each patient. This image-guided approach to DED may ultimately improve patient outcomes and allow studying the efficacy of novel therapies in clinical trials.

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“…8 In comparison, the Singapore Malay Eye Study reported a 56% MGD prevalence (defined as either meibomian gland orifice plugging or lid margin telangiectasia in at least one eye). 9 Other studies in Asian countries have similarly reported high prevalence estimates ranging from 39% to 68%, each using a different definition of MGD. 10–15 In clinic based studies and likewise using different definitions, MGD prevalence estimates range from 32% to 78% (Table 2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Epidemiology of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in an Elderly Population

Alghamdi

Mercado

McClellan

et al. 2016

Cornea

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Purpose To study the epidemiology of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in an elderly, predominantly male population. Methods Prospective study of 233 subjects seen in the Miami Veterans Affairs eye clinic. Patients underwent a complete ocular surface examination, including dry eye questionnaires and tear assessments (osmolarity, tear break up time (TBUT), corneal staining, Schirmer’s). The main outcome measures were correlations between meibomian gland (MG) parameters and demographics, dry eye symptoms, and tear parameters. The studied MG parameters were eyelid vascularity and meibum quality; a score of ≥2 in either parameter was considered abnormal. Results Mean age of the 233 subjects was 63 (SD=11); 91% were male and 59% had at least one abnormal MG parameter (abnormal quality 55%; vascularity 17%). Demographically, patients with abnormal MG parameters were significantly older than their counterparts without these findings. Whites were more likely to have abnormal eyelid vascularity compared to blacks (n=36 (31%) versus n=1 (1%), p < 0.0005) but no differences were noted between races with respect to meibum quality. Abnormal meibum quality, but not abnormal vascularity, was significantly associated with more severe dry eye symptoms. Similarly, abnormal meibum quality, but not eyelid vascularity, significantly associated with worse dry eye signs, including decreased TBUT, and increased corneal staining (p<0.05 for all). Conclusion MGD is a frequent finding in an elderly, predominantly male population with racial differences noted in the frequency of abnormal eyelid vascularity but not in MG quality. Abnormal meibum quality was significantly associated with more severe dry eye symptoms and signs.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Abstract: MGD was highly prevalent in this Asian population and associated with various systemic and ocular conditions.

Cited by 97 publications

References 22 publications

Prevalence of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in the General Population of Spain

Prevalence of Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in the General Population of Spain

Image-guided evaluation and monitoring of treatment response in patients with dry eye disease

Epidemiology of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in an Elderly Population

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